Today planning is the basis for all companies and it must be able to adapt to the characteristics of the various companies and the various situations that may arise.
However, before starting any administrative action, we must determine the desired results, future conditions and the elements necessary for it to function effectively; therefore, all of this can only be accomplished through planning.
Planning is drawing up plans to fix our future action within them, in other words, planning is a prescriptive discipline that tries to identify actions through a systematic sequence of decision-making, to generate the effects that are expected from them.
PLANNING CONCEPT:
- Agustín Reyes Ponce says that planning consists of setting the specific course of action to be followed, establishing the principles that will guide it, the sequence of operations to carry it out, and the determination of the time and numbers necessary to carry it out. Planning is the application. rational of the human mind in anticipatory decision-making, based on prior knowledge of reality, to control present actions and foresee their future consequences, aimed at achieving a fully desired and satisfactory objective. (DADATECA). Burt K. Scanlan defines it as the system that begins with the objectives, develops policies, plans, procedures and has a method of information feedback to adapt to any change in circumstances.Ernest Dale defines planning as follows: "Determination of the set of objectives to be achieved in the future and the steps necessary to achieve them through defined techniques and procedures." (ATLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY) José Antonio Fernández Arena defines it as follows: "It is the first step of the administrative process by means of which the problem is defined, past experiences are analyzed and plans and programs are outlined." (Santillán Álvarez, 2008)past experiences are analyzed and plans and programs are outlined. " (Santillán Álvarez, 2008)past experiences are analyzed and plans and programs are outlined. " (Santillán Álvarez, 2008)
ELEMENTS OF THE PLANNING CONCEPT:
- Objective: the objective of planning is to determine what you want; In other words, determine the desired result. Alternative courses of action: to achieve the objectives, various strategies, different paths or forms of action must be planned. Choice: the appropriate decision must be determined, analyzed, and selected. Future: planning will be prepared for future, for possible contingencies, provides situations, anticipates events and outlines future activities.
PLANNING COMPONENTS:
- Missions or purposes: Every operation must have a mission or purposes, the purposes are the essential purposes or guidelines that define the reason for being, nature and character of any social group. They are important because they serve as a foundation for the other planning elements, as well as for the other types of plans, they allow orient those responsible for planning, on the course of action they must follow when formulating the plans and identifying the company before the personal and society.Objectives: the purposes towards which an activity is directed. They represent not only the end point of planning but also the end towards which the organization is directed, integration of personnel, direction and control. Strategies: general action programs and deployment of resources to obtain general objectives.The purpose of the strategies is to determine and transmit, through a system of objectives and basic policies, an image of what type of company it is desired to project Policies: the policies constitute declarations or general understandings that guide or channel the thinking in making decision making. Policies define an area within which a decision must be made and ensure that the decision is consistent with an objective and contributes to its fulfillment Procedures: they are plans that establish a mandatory method to handle future activities, describe the exact way in which certain activities must be carried out, they are chronological sequences of required actions. Rules: They describe the action or non-action required and specific. They are a simpler type of plan. Programs: are a set of goals, policies,Procedures, rules, task assignments, steps to follow, resources to be used and other elements necessary to carry out a course of action, are normally supported by budgets. Budgets: It is a statement of expected results, expressed in numerical terms.
TYPES OF PLANNING:
- Operational: this type of planning selects means to pursue goals established by a higher authority, is governed by the guidelines established by tactical planning, is usually short-term and refers to each of the units into which an area is divided. activity. Tactics: this is about selecting means and goals to pursue objectives established by a higher authority, determines more specific plans, is established and coordinated by functional managers. This type of planning is usually medium-term and covers a specific area of activity. Strategic or normative: it consists of selecting means, goals and objectives. In this case the ideals are given by a higher authority, accepted by agreements or not formulated.This type of planning tends to be long-range and encompasses the entire company. This type of planning is the basis for strategic and operational planning.
PLANNING PRINCIPLES:
- "Principle of flexibility: it refers to what has a basic direction, but which allows small momentary adaptations, being able to return to its initial direction later." (ESCAMILLA ORTEGA, 2007) Principle of forecasting: when a plan is based on previous studies and experiences. This acquires such consistency that it tries to minimize its errors. Principle of unity: plans must be of such a nature that it can be said that there is only one for each function; and all those that are applied in the company must be, in such a coordinated way, integrated that in reality it can be said that there is a single general plan.Continuity principle: the plans must be formulated taking into account the previous one, so that recesses are avoided for alterations in the plan. This must be done to meet the overall goals of the organization.Principle of Feasibility: you should not make plans that are too ambitious or optimistic that are impossible to carry out. We must adapt planning to reality and what is planned must be achievable Precision principle: the plans that are made must be precise, free of vague, inconclusive statements, since it must be taken into account that specific, concrete and defined actions will govern Limiting factor principle: this principle highlights the importance of objectivity at the time of having to choose between different courses of action or various alternatives to reach an end. Principle of Commitment: this principle indicates that long-term planning is the most convenient because it ensures that the company's commitments fit in the future,leaving time to better adapt its objectives and policies to the trends discovered, to unforeseen changes. Principle of universality: “Planning must include a sufficient number of factors such as time, personnel, subject, budget, etc. In such a way that developing the plan is sufficient. " (COLEGIO DE POSTGRADUADOS) Inherence factor: planning leads to efficiency and gives the possibility of offering timely responses to social changes.planning leads to efficiency and gives the possibility of offering timely responses to social changes.planning leads to efficiency and gives the possibility of offering timely responses to social changes.
IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING:
- Provides the necessary elements to carry out control Establishes the rational system for decision-making, leaving out hunches or empiricism Promotes the development of the company by establishing methods for the rational use of resources Allows evaluating alternatives before making a decision Decision-making Minimizes risks Promotes efficiency Maximizes opportunities Reduces levels of uncertainty projected in the future Conditions the company to the environment around it Minimizes potential problems Provides the basis through which the company will operate Prepares the company for future contingencies Eliminates improvisation Decisions based on facts no in emotions Provides a futuristic mindset
PLANNING TOOLS:
- Analysis of the environment: the analysis of large amounts of information to detect emerging trends and create scenarios. Process and flow diagrams: They serve to represent, analyze, improve and / or explain a procedure. The essential steps in any process are five: operation that is represented by a circle, transportation that is represented by an arrow, inspections with a square, delays and finally storage that is represented by a triangle.Project management using deterministic times (CPM): Used to find the shortest completion time of the entire project. For this technique we must determine the most immediate starting time and the shortest completion time. Programming: list of the necessary activities, their order to carry them out, who should do each one and the time required.Network Diagram or "Arrow Diagram": it is made using arrows and circles. The arrows represent the activities and the circles represent the start and end events. Decision tree: used in decisions where a chain of factors has an impact on the results. The objective is to maximize the expected value, which is calculated at each vertex of the tree from right to left in succession. GANTT graph: Bar graph with time on the horizontal axis and the activities to be scheduled on the vertical axis. Load: “It's a modified Gantt chart. Instead of listing the activities on the vertical axis, the load boxes list entire departments or specific resources. " (INAFED) SWOT Analysis:This analysis is used to detect the relationships between the most important variables and thus carry out a design of appropriate strategies, based on the analysis of the internal and external environment of each organization.PERT network analysis: this network is a quantitative tool that it is used in planning and control. By means of them, an optimization model can be counted on to provide the optimal solution for a sequence of activities in the time that each one must be carried out. However, it can also be used to schedule a project in advance and estimate the time required to complete it. This analysis requires that we first identify the activities of the process, their sequences and the timing of each. Break-even analysis:is a technique used to identify the point at which the total income is sufficient to cover the total costs:
???
?? = --------
? - ??
Where:
PE = Balance point
TCF = Total Fixed Costs
P = unit price
CV = Unit Variable Cost
- Linear Programming: It is a mathematical technique that solves resource allocation problems. SWOT Methodology: It is a scheme or matrix in which the strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats of the company are addressed. Queue theory: Technique that balances the cost of have a waiting line against the service cost of serving that queue Probability theory: Using statistics to analyze past predictable patterns and reduce the risk of future plans.
ADVANTAGES OF PLANNING:
- Unproductive work is minimized Highlights the utility of achievement Helps to visualize future possibilities Answer the questions “what if…? Provides basis for control
DISADVANTAGES OF PLANNING:
- Planning is expensive Planning has psychological barriers Planning delays action Planning stifles initiative Planning has limited practical value
CONCLUSION :
Planning is a main resource for the execution of any strategy. Through planning we can set a specific course of action to follow, establishing principles, sequence of operation and determining the times necessary for its completion.
However, planning can be used in many aspects not only for companies but also in personal life. Through planning we can optimize the use of available resources, we can look for better and new ways to do things and we can make a deep reflection on the ends we pursue to give meaning to our efforts.
In personal life we can also apply planning as an ability to anticipate the consequences of our current actions, know how to obtain greater benefits in the long term and project ourselves into the future.
Organizations' need for planning is so obvious and so great that it is difficult to find someone who does not agree with it. But it is even more difficult to make planning useful, because it confronts man.
At present, as well as in the near future, planning will have to adapt to the characteristics of the company and the situation in which it is carried out.
THANKS:
I thank my alma mater the Orizaba Technological Institute, Professor Fernando Aguirre y Hernández who teaches the subject of Fundamentals of Administrative Engineering for showing us that we are capable of writing articles on various topics, for promoting the habit of reading and above all for helping us realize what we are capable of achieving.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ATLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY. (sf). ATLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY. Recovered on MAY 12, 2016, from COURSES: http://cursos.aiu.edu/Fundamentos%20de%20Administraci%C3%B3n/PDF/tema%202.pdf POSTGRADUATE COLLEGE. (sf). COLLEGE OF POSTGRADUATES. Retrieved MAY 16, 2016, from COLPOS: http://www.colpos.mx/cocoan/cisb/capitulo_1.pdfDADATECA. (sf). DADATECA. Retrieved on MAY 12, 2016, from UNAD: http://datateca.unad.edu.co/contenidos/202531/Carpeta_Unidad_Uno_-_Planeacion/Teorias_de_la_Planeacion.pdfESCAMILLA ORTEGA, O. (2007). TOOLS FOR PLANNING AND CONTROL OF PRODUCTION IN THE COMPANY METAL MECANICA. HIDALGO: AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF HIDALGO.INAFED. (sf). INAFED. Retrieved on MAY 15, 2016, from PLANNING TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES: http: //www.inafed.gob.mx / work / models / inafed / Resource / 330/1 / images / tool s_y_tecnicas_de_la_planeacion.pdf Santillán Álvarez, B. (2008). BERENTS. Obtained from WORDPRESS:
