Organizations are social entities made up of two or more individuals in order to meet goals and objectives. There is a diversity of types of organizations, for example: universities, service companies, schools, armed institutes, social clubs, the family, etc. Each with its specific characteristics that point to a goal to be met.
Goldhaber 1 defines organizations as “open systems whose parts are related to each other and to their environment. The nature of this relationship is interdependent because all parts of the system affect and are mutually affected. ” That is, a change in one part of the system (subsystem) will affect other parts of the system.
Bartoli 2 defines organizations as "a structured set of components and interactions from which characteristics that are not found in the elements that compose it are obtained". In other words, the relationships that are generated in an organization "X" are its own characteristics and that these are not found in the entities that comprise it. For example, the family organization is made up of parents and children, there is a relationship or link between them, this relationship has its own particularities that are not present in the individual characteristics of each member.
Bartoli adds "The organization is both an act of organizing, the result of that action and the organized whole in itself." The organized whole refers to the human group towards a goal.
For Scott and Etzioni 3 organization is defined as social units, collectivity or human groups constituted or reconstituted to achieve specific objectives, with relatively identifiable limits, normative order, ranges of authority, communication system and coordinated membership systems ”. This community exists relatively continuously in a medium and engages in activities that are related to a set of objectives.
For Niño B. 4 the word organization means “action and effect of organizing and organized group”. The expression organized group evokes the company as a whole, formed from a formal distribution of responsibilities. An Organization is the form that all human associations take to achieve their ends of productivity and prosperity.
Kings 5 defines the organization as "The structure of the relationships that must exist between the functions, levels and activities of the material and human elements of a social organism, in order to achieve maximum efficiency within the plans and objectives indicated"
Sixto Velasco 6 defines the organization as “Grouping and ordering the activities necessary to achieve the established goals, creating administrative units, assigning, where appropriate, functions, authority, responsibility and hierarchy, establishing the relationships that must exist between these units”
For Beckles 7 organization is “structure of relationships between people, work and resources”. Organizations as defined is a group of people who generate relationships, so as not to generate chaos are governed by formal structures. People within organizations exchange resources and interact in order to achieve goals, for example information, procedures, sales, social relationships, etc.
Guzmán 8 indicates that organization is “The coordination of the activities of all the individuals that make up a company with the purpose of obtaining the maximum possible use of material, technical and human elements, in the realization of the purposes that the company itself pursues”
Koontz & O´Donnell 9 defines the organization as “Grouping the activities necessary to achieve certain objectives. Assign to each group an administrator with the necessary authority to supervise and coordinate both horizontally and vertically the entire structure of the company ”
For Massie 10, organization is "The structure and association whereby a cooperative group of human beings, assign tasks among members, identify relationships and Integrate their activities towards common goals"
Some administration portals on the Internet 11 define organizations as a "conscious coordinated social unit, made up of two or more people who operate with relative consistency in order to achieve a common goal or series of goals." According to this definition, we can mention what organization can be service companies, products, schools, hospitals, churches, military, shops, police departments, local government organization, etc.
Another 12, state that the organization is framed in the procedures, norms and methods, defining the organization as “a set of positions whose rules and norms of behavior must be subject to all its members, thus using the means that allow a company to reach certain objectives"
It has been specified that organizations are social entities made up of two or more individuals to achieve goals and objectives, having as support the norms, procedures and methods that govern them. Being human beings the essence of organizations, it is important to mention the position of the theory of human relations in the organization.
This theory proposes that the members of the organization decide what functions they perform and how to do them. They promote the model of human behavior based on self-realization (process by which the human being develops knowledge, skills and individual abilities) That is, the more satisfied he is with his organization, the more willing they are to work for it.
Despite the fact that the theory of human relations proposes the development of the human being for the effective development of organizations, Likert 5, proposed by Kreps, points out that there are four types of organization design system:
Authoritarian exploiter: characterized by a high degree of control and authority, it is the most effective and the most widely used in formal organizations. Workers are limited in planning and decision making.
Benevolent Authoritarian: the workers contribute little in the decisions of the organizations but the directors allow him to express his complaints and opinions. Feedback has a minimal impact on the company's operations. It is a manipulated power that is granted to the employee.
Advisory: encourages communication between management and employees but management has limited confidence in the ability of workers to make appropriate decisions for the organization. The director recognizes the work of the employee, accepts his proposals, but is not decisive.
Participatory: The worker is encouraged to fully participate in goal setting and decision making. It relies on worker feedback and ideas to run the organization.
This last approach is in harmony with the theory of human relations, because if team leaderships do not introduce the continuous participation of workers, do not encourage feedback, do not feed on ideas, the organization wastes human potential for the innovation of processes and services.; in turn, the human group will feel diminished by the lack of offers of improvements (either salary or symbolic)
On the other hand, Kreps 13 proposes the “The Theory of Social Systems of the Organization”. This theory was developed to detail the descriptive model of the organization's processes. This theory mentions that the organization is "a complex set of interdependent parts that interact to adapt to a constantly changing environment, in order to achieve objectives." Some of the key components of the organization are the individual members of the organization, the structural and functional groups and the technologies and equipment of the organization. Any change influences one component inevitably affects the other components of the system.
Kreps 14 mentions the following:
Organizations are systems, each system receives resources or inputs from its environment, processes these inputs, and exports products or outputs to its environment. The output of the system is never the same as its input. The organization makes entries in order to make exits that will help meet its goals (transformation model), for example: customers, money, technologies, materials, food, personnel, and exports products: goods, entertainment, processed information.
Systems theory proposes four implications:
- Interdependence: all parts of an organization are interrelated (system and surrounding environment) Openness: implies that the organization must be aware of changes in its environment. Macroscopic and microscopic analytical framework: at a macro level systems theory identifies external influences on organizations (human resources theory identifies with internal influences) The adaptation and innovation of the organization: implies that organizations are not static entities, they are flexible and adoptive innovate continuously to face changing constraints of the system environment. External communication channels are used to collect relevant information from the environment and inform members about the needs for change.
Bibliography
1 Organizational Communication. Gerald M. Goldhaber. Editorial Diana México, Sixth print 1994 Pages 30-31
2 Communication and Organization. Annie Bartoli. Editorial Paidós 1991. Buenos Aires. Argentina. (P. 17)
3 Scott and Etzioni mentioned by Richard Hall. Book: Organizations: structure and processes (Page 33) Editorial Prentice Hall. Third edition. 1983 promotions.
4 II Latin American Symposium on Organizational Communication. Memories. Teresa del Pilar Niño B. Separate of the Organizational Communication Course of the UNMSM. 1996
5 www.itlp.edu.mx/publica/tutoriales/procesoadmvo/tema3_1.htm Agustín Reyes Ponce
6 www.itlp.edu.mx/publica/tutoriales/procesoadmvo/tema3_1.htm Eugenio Sixto Velasco
7 www.itlp.edu.mx/publica/tutoriales/procesoadmvo/tema3_1.htm Beckles, Carmichael and Sarchet
8 www.itlp.edu.mx/publica/tutoriales/procesoadmvo/tema3_1.htm Isaac Guzmán V.
9 www.itlp.edu.mx/publica/tutoriales/procesoadmvo/tema3_1.htm Koontz & O´Donnell.
10 www.itlp.edu.mx/publica/tutoriales/procesoadmvo/tema3_1.htm Joseph L. Massie.
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13 Gary L. Kreps "Communication in Organizations" Addison Editorial - Wesley Iberoamericana. Second edition. 1996. United States. P. 96-97
14 Gary L. Kreps "Communication in Organizations" Addison Editorial - Wesley Iberoamericana. Second edition. 1996. United States. P. 101-102-103-111-112
