To think about it !!!! …….., said José Mujica, President of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay: “You know better than anyone that in knowledge and culture there is not only effort but also pleasure. They say that the people who jog along the boulevard reach a point where they enter a kind of ecstasy where exhaustion no longer exists and only pleasure remains.
cluster-academic-scientific-technological-patagonia-argentinaI think that with knowledge and culture the same thing happens. There comes a point where studying, or investigating, or learning is no longer an effort and it is pure enjoyment.
How nice it would be if these delicacies were available to many people!
How good it would be, if in the basket of the quality of life that Uruguay can offer its people, there would be a good amount of intellectual consumption.
Not because it is elegant but because it is pleasant.
Because it is enjoyed, with the same intensity with which you can enjoy a plate of noodles.
There is no mandatory list of things that make us happy!
Some may think that the ideal world is a place full of shopping centers. In that world, people are happy because everyone can come out full of bags of new clothes and boxes of household appliances.
I have nothing against that vision, I just say that it is not the only possible one.
I say we can also think of a country where people choose to fix things instead of throwing them away, choose a small car instead of a big car, choose to bundle up instead of turn up the heat.
Squandering is not what more mature societies do. Go to Holland and see the cities full of bicycles. There they will realize that consumerism is not the choice of the true aristocracy of humanity. It is the choice of novelists and frivolous.
The Dutch ride bicycles, they use them to go to work but also to go to concerts or parks.
Because they have reached a level where their daily happiness is fed by both material and intellectual consumption.
So friends, go and spread the pleasure of knowledge.
At the same time, my modest contribution will be to try to get Uruguayans to ride bicycles.
EDUCATION IS THE WAY
And friends, the bridge between this today and that tomorrow that we want has a name and is called education.
And look what a long and difficult bridge to cross.
Because one thing is the rhetoric of education and another thing is that we decide to make the sacrifices that imply launching a great educational effort and sustaining it over time. Investments in education are slow-yielding, they don't stand out to any government, they mobilize resistance and force other demands to be postponed. But you have to do it.
We owe it to our children and grandchildren.
And it must be done now, when the technological miracle of the Internet is still fresh and unprecedented opportunities for access to knowledge are opening up.
I grew up with radio, I saw the birth of television, then color television, then satellite broadcasts.
Later it turned out that forty channels appeared on my television, including those that broadcast live from the United States, Spain and Italy.
Then the cell phones and then the computer, which at first only served to process numbers.
Each of those times, I was speechless.
But now with the Internet my capacity for surprise has run out.
I feel like those humans who saw a wheel the first time.
Or like those who saw the fire for the first time.
One feels that it was his luck to live a milestone in history.
The doors of all libraries and all museums are opening; They will be available, all the scientific magazines and all the books in the world.
And probably all the movies and all the music in the world.
It is overwhelming.
That is why we need all Uruguayans and especially Uruguayans to know how to swim in that torrent.
You have to get on that stream and navigate it like a fish in the water.
We will achieve it if that intellectual matrix of which we spoke before is solid. If our kids know how to reason in order and know how to ask themselves the questions that are worthwhile.
It is like a race on two tracks, up there in the world the ocean of information, down here preparing us for transatlantic navigation.
Full-time schools, faculties in the interior, mass tertiary education.
And probably, English from preschool to public school.
Because English is not the language spoken by the Yankees, it is the language with which the Chinese understand the world.
We cannot be outside. We can not let our little cuties outside.
Those are the tools that enable us to interact with the universal explosion of knowledge.
This new world does not simplify life, it complicates it for us.
It forces us to go further and deeper in education.
There is no greater task ahead of us.
A DIAGNOSIS:
A little less than six years ago, from the then Ministry of Production of Chubut, in charge of Lic. Martín Buzzi, currently Governor of our Province, began to consider and design, as a true State Policy (“realpolitik”), an ambitious Provincial program whose main objective and slogan was practically implicit in its own inquisitive title: "WHAT WILL MY PEOPLE LIVE". That program allowed, at that time, to enunciate from a fairly conventional and traditional perspective, not only a geographical zoning of the province with an eye to both the subdivision of its physical geography, and the diagnosis of the existing situation in each of the boarding areas, thus enabling the possibility of reaching consensus and synthesizing some proposals or axes of regional actions,based on the various possible working hypotheses, all of them leading to the objective of the integral and integrated economic-social development of the Province and the inclusion of all its inhabitants in the production model.
Much was discussed about historical, traditional and conventional approaches; on the new approaches and the innovations in the matter, as well as on the characteristics of similarity and differentiation of each one of the regions and of and between their constituent localities. The idea was to enhance and maximize the capacities (strengths and advantages) in order to value the resources of each of these respective geographical spaces and enclaves.
At no time was the idea or possibility of implementing or installing, more precisely and appropriately, “implanting” or “incubating”, in the proposed geographic scenario, incorporating new external or exogenous resources and capacities (centripetal process of incorporations).), in order to generate, develop and even architecture from said germ or embryo, the birth of a traditional and conventional activity in itself, but with innovative characteristics for development and sustainable development in the local-regional order.
It was omitted on that occasion, seeking or attempting the desired economic and social development by way of imagining new scenarios and new roles; It was omitted to generate own synergies with new components, combining for it the most powerful and multiplying verbs of the contemporary like: innovate, create, recreate, recycle, incubate ideas, copy gestures and complement flourishing concepts in other parts of the globalized world, investigate, experiment, reengineering thinking, approaching things from other less traditional visions, structuring and systematizing new ways for the destructuring of conventional objectives, designing and consolidating strategies that enhance strategic alliances.
In a word, perhaps a “touch” of circumstantial, transitory, momentary and conjunctural imagination and capacity was lacking to receive and decode the signals coming from the future. As a consequence, the conception and design of the launch pad that was designed to face the qualitative-quantitative leap forward, within a framework of excellence, efficiency and effectiveness, lacked the parts and the appropriate equations to achieve an adequate vision of a set of novel, superlative and superior objectives. For example, what to do in “all orders”, in view of the prospective “exhaustion” of non-renewable hydrocarbon deposits.
Obviously, and how could it be otherwise, from that starting point outlined, no great results were obtained and the effort (due to political causes) was dying agonizingly over time. Despite this transitory and relative loss of time-opportunity ("kayros" of the Greeks) in the events, the political leadership of the Provincial State found the reorientation towards the right course, adopting for this purpose decisions of strong projection, through the incorporation of the appropriate strategic tools, articulating in this way the true and almost exclusive levers necessary to propel our province on the path of development in the nation's third centenary.
As the strategies to face the challenge are basically: education, research, innovation, creation, training, knowledge transfer, information, updating, integration, investment, excellence, planning, associativity., among other; the Provincial State, starting in 2008, began the orderly process of going through, now, the right path, providing for it new strategic tools such as the creation of the Research, Work, Education and Production Council; the creation of the University of Chubut; the creation of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation and mainly the revaluation and repowering of Education through the treatment of a new law on the subject.
These inescapable actions should be complemented with the contribution of a core provincial law of science, technology and innovation; a provincial law of sustainable development, with the inclusion of a strong insertion in national programs and lines such as: the National System of Scientific Technological Innovation (SIN), the National Agency for Scientific and Technological Promotion, the National, Federal and Regional Councils, the National Technological Fund, FONCYT, FONTAR, FONSOFT, FONARSEC, the RAÍCES Program, interactions with other universities, CONICET, INTA, INTI, CNEA, etc. and programs and lines of the international order such as: European Community and Ibero America, UNIVERSIA, Plan BOLONIA, OEA (Declaration of Cartagena), MERCOCYT, Bolívar Program, IBEROEKA Program, Andean Fund for Development (FAD),Campus of International Excellence Program of the European Community, etc.
From this point on, agreeing on the general outline of development strategies and trying not to remain stunned, unaffected by the changes and indifferent to the initiatives as mere passive spectators in the construction of the economic and social development of the Province from knowledge, we have self-imposed the challenge of inserting ourselves into the proposal of the national model and for the purposes of being an active part of it, we have imagined a leading role for our locality and for our subregion.
THE BASE IDEA AND THE PROJECT
Bringing together and reconciling on the one hand, the geopolitical conception that arises from the inescapable and unavoidable determinism of our location and geographic location and on the other hand, the new forms and formulas aimed at achieving sustainable development, with the addition of the evident prospective perception on the contemporary and future mega-trends that humanity assumes and will assume; we set ourselves the firm objective that the creation and installation be promoted from the decision-making spheres, both of the provincial and national order, in this "our puelense living space", more specifically in our Las Golondrinas Area, on National Route No. 40, which is the spine or vertebral column of the Argentine Republic, a “human unit of excellence in the production of knowledge”.
In a word and using the current technical concepts, we propose the proposal to set up here, in the north-west of Chubut, a “knowledge district”, a “scientific-technological cluster”, under the associative form of “high performance knowledge consortium scientific-technological ”or“ Chubutense scientific-technological pole ”; proposal without a doubt, clonable or reproducible in other strategic points of the province, thus rethinking and reconverting the traditional productive profile of the province; going from the larval stage of being a predominantly extractive province of renewable and non-renewable natural resources (oil, gas, fishing, mining, wool, etc.) to being a province that transforms these resources and is fundamentally a developer of advanced science and cutting-edge technology,produced from the empowerment of the gray matter of its inhabitants (Capitalization of Intelligence).
As we can see in the development of this work, this cluster or pole must function with the effective intervention and coordinated participation of multiple actors and interactive roles: The role of the State, at all levels, that is, from the municipal, provincial and national, working as coordinator of actions, as a service provider, as an investor and financier with public monies, as an inductor and counselor of private policies, as a designer, promoter and implementer of public policies and state (government) policies, as responsible for the creation of new areas or spaces for the development of knowledge (creation of universities, creation of scientific and technological research centers, creation of technology parks,creation of research results transfer offices-OTRIS), creation of incubators or incubators for new ideas and companies, etc. The role of Scientific-Technological Research (carried out through university research, specific Research Institutes such as INTA, INTI, CNEA, CENPAT, CIEFAP, accompanied by private university and business research).
The role of Education, the transfer of knowledge and technology (Higher Education, Non-formal Education, training, technology transfer, guidance, advice and intellectual protection of business incubators and business incubators) and the fundamental Educational Investment and Research (Public Investment through budgetary allocations of the State's public funds, implemented through scholarships, research funds, subsidies, salaries, provision of infrastructure (networks, buildings, equipment, provision of public services and private investment in terms of innovation, venture capital, associated business capital for specific purposes, capital of application and transformation, creation of Technology-Based Companies (EBT), job creation,improvement of employment levels due to high technological training ("High Tech" employment), etc.
From the point of view of the functionality of this provincial technological pole or scientific cluster (POLO I + D + I), the creation, construction and installation of two "spaces" or "pillars" constitutive in themselves and complementary in their interrelationships: one being the "Campus of International Excellence (CEI)" and the other being the "Science and Technology Park (PCT)".
HOW TO DO IT?
SPACE LOCATION - THE LOCATION
For the geographical settlement of the first of the “pillars”, that is to say the CEI, the partial damage to the property has been proposed, through an agreement with the Nation, of the General San Martín Forest Field of the INTA, the occupying body since 1953/55 of an area greater than 220 hectares, located on National Route No. 40 (former lots 1, 10, 11 and 12 of the Las Golondrinas Section and lots 9 and 15 of the Lago Puelo Section) and the affectation of part of the former lot 30 from Paraje Las Golondrinas, a farm of approximately 27 municipal prosecutors, partially occupied by the Ministry of Education of the Province of Chubut (School with Boarding School No. 41, Special School No. 522 and School Supervision Las Golondrinas).
In order to locate the second of the “pillars”, the PCT, it has been proposed that approximately 10 of the 17 hectares of municipal fiscal land located also on National Route No. 40 (Paraje Las Golondrinas southwest and Cerro Radal southeast, in which The Las Golondrinas Forest Fire Brigade of the General Directorate of Forests and Parks of Chubut is currently installed.
Location of sites in the Cadastre of Lago Puelo
THE ACTORS (the protagonists)
With the creation of the “INTERNATIONAL CAMPUS OF EXCELLENCE” (CEI), the installation and fundamental physical settlements (combined buildings of classrooms and teaching and research laboratories) corresponding to “The University” as an academic-research institution or to the “Joint o Inter-institutional Consortium ”of National and / or Private Universities. In our case, it would basically be the University of Chubut (which does not yet have a settlement in the northwest of the Province), and can be linked to it by “mutual collaboration agreement” or “association by objectives” (INNOVATIVE FIGURE OF THE “CONSORTIUM OF UNIVERSITIES OR CONSORTIUM INTERUNIVERSITY ", COMPLEMENTARY BETWEEN YES AND / OR SIMPLY ASSOCIATED-IS TO SAY A LUCK OF" UTU "OR TRANSITORY UNION OF UNIVERSITIES FOR A SPECIFIC PURPOSE),being able to associate or attach other interested scientific-academic institutions such as Foundations and thematic Civil Associations. To this main pillar would be added, in addition, the physical settlement also, of those named by CONICET: Scientific Technological Centers (CCT), as eventual Executing Units, Associated Units, Specific Units of Applied Research; heads and owners of the settlement and installation of regional research laboratories dependent on specific sectoral technological organizations such as CONEA, INTA, INTI, CENPAT, etc; with more physical settlement of family homes and collective homes or residences for temporary or permanent accommodation (settlement) of scientists,researchers and teachers with their respective families (housing units provided by the Province through the IPV or by FONAVI); to which would be added the spaces or areas of common use and recreation (barbecue, dining rooms, conference rooms, micro cinemas, mini hospitals, spaces for sports, all open to integration and community use). For obvious reasons of ordering, said space would also be the settlement of the Consortium's directive headquarters, with its management area and the administration of said regional Pole or Cluster.all open to integration and community use). For obvious reasons of ordering, said space would also be the settlement of the Consortium's directive headquarters, with its management area and the administration of said regional Pole or Cluster.all open to integration and community use). For obvious reasons of ordering, said space would also be the settlement of the Consortium's directive headquarters, with its management area and the administration of said regional Pole or Cluster.
With reference to the "SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOLOGICAL PARK" (PCT), the establishment of private companies or individual innovative entrepreneurs, SMEs, MICROPYMES, UTEs, consortiums or associations of companies based on scientific technology, whether public or private, has been proposed; the R&D developer settlement; Technology Transfer Offices, business reengineering companies; from consultants, business advisers or technology advisers and from the "business and innovation incubators" themselves.
INSTITUTIONAL AND INTERINSTITUTIONAL RELATIONS
Both constitutive concepts, CEI and PCT, must functionally interact with each other, just as if they were two specific and differentiated organs of the same living organism, originating and producing two types of dynamics or synergies, one of them feeding and feedback between the two of ideas, projects and actions, on the one hand and another of individual and joint expansion on the other, in order to achieve a continuous virtuous spiral of entropy between dimensional growth and development in quality and excellence (“spin-off” ** and Combined feed-backs).
** "Spin-off" is an Anglo-Saxon term that expresses the idea of creating new companies within other existing companies or organizations, whether public or private, that act as incubators. Over time they end up acquiring legal, technical and commercial independence. These companies are also known as Technology-Based Companies and are usually linked to universities and for contributing to the transfer of scientific findings from these to the social sector in the form of innovative products.
(see specific development attached hereto)
With reference to the point of view of the resource and human capital essential to set in motion, feed and produce the kinetics required for this proposal, initially it will have to be "imported" mainly, since this region, although it has an acceptable number of Professionals currently lack the necessary and sufficient “critical mass” for the entrepreneurship, both in quantity, type and level of their respective training and journal status as scientific researchers. However, it should be clear that the scenario can be quickly modified through the instrumentation and implementation of the mechanisms provided by the National Program called "RAICES" (Network of Argentine Researchers and Scientists Abroad, established by Law 26,421),by means of the instrumentation of specific professional contracts, granting of scholarships and / or subsidies or by hiring as full-time university professors, being able to also combine with each other all the mentioned alternatives.
The instrumental role of the PCT is to become a promotional "interface" tool that allows and facilitates the creation of synergies between its own institutes and private activity. To be true R & D & I centers, local, regional, national and liaison with their peers in the main countries of the world. Thus becoming an effective instrument to carry out own innovation projects or by carrying out exchange activities and eventual participatory collaboration with other clusters, poles and technology parks, providing a true possibility of projection, updating, renewal and feedback for the national scientific-technological system.
In this case, the PCT would have the specific mission of associating itself with the Municipality of Lago Puelo, the other municipalities that make up the Andean Region of Parallel 42, various local, provincial and national entities, both public and private. the third sector and the interested business community for the purposes of preparing, planning and executing actions aimed at local, regional, provincial and national economic and social development through the use, development and transfer of technology, the creation of new technology-based companies and the provision of services and products of high scientific-technological level
Its main short, medium and long-term objectives will be: To promote technology transfer, consulting and training projects for companies and institutions; develop cooperation, assistance and exchange relationships with similar organizations in the country and abroad; contribute to the creation of new companies, through the development of a business incubator and promote teaching and research actions related to these issues
In addition to the actors already generically indicated, all those institutions that make up the CEI itself, such as the University of Chubut, and the other universities (of Patagonia, San Juan Bosco, of the Comahue, Austral, Tecnológica Nacional, etc); INTA, INTI, CNEA, CITEFA, etc. and even the ministerial organisms of the provincial and national order, self-sufficient or not, involved in the proposed undertaking (for example CORFO, PETROMINERA, BANCO DEL CHUBUT, IPA, IPV, future HYDROELECTRIC CONSORTIUMS, GEOTHERMIC CONSORTIUMS, etc.).
With reference to the link and national and international communications, it should be noted that the Federal Planning Ministry has already agreed with the Municipality of Lago Puelo, the installation in Cº Currumahuida (central and central topographic relief of the ejido and the Comarca) a ARSAT “node” or “platform” destined for Digital Television, which in turn will also be a node of the Argentina Connected National Network (fiber optic network) and the future open broadband Wi-Fi network (public system open especially affected to interactive wireless education via satellite).
THE GREAT CHALLENGE OF MODERNITY
INVESTIGATION + DEVELOPMENT + INNOVATION
R + D + I THE NECESSARY AND INDISPENSABLE DECISIONS AND STATE INVESTMENTS
It must start from the unavoidable premise that the STATE, whatever its level, be it municipal, province, national or jointly among the three levels, must have the main role of creator and inducer of the gestation and materialization of these ideas (To turn them into tools for development). For this, the first of the political decisions that must be made (at least locally) is to "break" with the exclusive and eventually exclusive dependencies of the historical and traditional single-line models on local development. In other words, basically "open the game", "open the mind" and "expand the panorama", without abandoning the pre-existing profiles or paradigms such as the model of the Forest, Agricultural and Tourist Village, aligned with fruit productions fine,use of forests and provision of tourist services, as a line of spontaneous activities, of natural upwelling, from the mandated geographic space that contains and characterizes us.
To materialize and translate the proposal presented here, which is not novel in itself, because it has already been implemented with great success in other parts of the country and the world, the various levels of the State must make their contribution to the project and to entrepreneurship through provide adequate available resources and with the proactive participation of its most efficient and effective means.
The Municipality of Lago Puelo, through this proposal, is trying to provide, in the first instance, the concern, the demand or the right of initiative about it, given that it is the town and the region that require comprehensive synergistic development. and integrated of the instrument, that is to say the most direct beneficiaries of the project, being idle to note that the Region, the Province and the Nation itself also receive the benefits.
As a genuine concrete material contribution, the Municipality would offer the contribution of an area of fiscal land of approximately 140,000m2 of the 17 hectares that are located at Km. 1906 of National Route No. 40, estimating them from the current real estate point of view with a value close to 1.5 million dollars, for the purposes of establishing and installing the PCT "Las Golondrinas" (Science and Technology Park) as one of the main elements of this "binary" complex proposed in these lines.
With reference to the Government of the Province of Chubut, we understand that the main contribution is to make available to the project the four main management tools or levers which are: A) The Research, Work, Education and Production Council, B) The University del Chubut, the Ministry of Science and Technology, and C) The Ministries or Secretariats of Tourism, Production, Investment and Foreign Trade and Internal Trade.
A brief but clear and very important aspect should be the question of the financing system for this project, for which purpose it is proposed to create a special and specific “Fund”, with characteristics of a permanent trust fund, made up in part of state and private contributions. The state contributions would come in part from a portion or percentage of the royalties (be they hydrocarbons, mining or hydroelectric), on the other hand a percentage of the own funds of the budget allocation for the areas of education, research and innovation. To these funds that would have the characteristic of ordinary and current contributions, the State would add the extraordinary contributions of what was obtained by the "commercialization" with the private sphere of patents,royalties and technology transfer operations and applied knowledge (“know-how” transfer), obtained from the research and development process.
Likewise, and through the State (National, Provincial and Municipal) and the Cluster Administration Consortium itself, access to financing lines administered by both the Ministry of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation (either through the National Agency of Scientific and Technological Promotion-ANPCYT, by the Fund for Scientific and Technological Research-FONCYT, by the Trust Fund for the Promotion of the Software Industry-FONSOFT, by the Argentine Sectorial Fund-FONARSEC, by the Argentine Technological Fund-FONTAR which includes ANR, ANRX00-Technological Development, ANR for Projects to Create R&D Laboratories for Companies,ANR-Cleaner Production) and finally the financing lines of the Federal Council for Science and Technology (COFECyT) that are channeled through the National Program for the Federalization of Science, Technology and Innovation (PROFECyT) such as the lines: PFIP-Federal Productive Innovation Projects, DETEM-Municipal Technological Development Projects and PFIP / ESPRO-Productive Innovation Projects and Productive Linkages. Likewise, it must be framed and financed with the system established through the National Law for the Promotion and Promotion of Technological Innovation No. 23,877.DETEM-Projects of Municipal Technological Development and PFIP / ESPRO-Projects of Productive Innovation and Productive Linkages. Likewise, it must be framed and financed with the system established through the National Law for the Promotion and Promotion of Technological Innovation No. 23,877.DETEM-Projects of Municipal Technological Development and PFIP / ESPRO-Projects of Productive Innovation and Productive Linkages. Likewise, it must be framed and financed with the system established through the National Law for the Promotion and Promotion of Technological Innovation No. 23,877.
"The Ministry's measures tend to diversify the local productive matrix and solve social problems"
Lic. Lino Barañao, Minister of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation REVISIONISM, ANALYSIS, IDEAS AND ADVANCES USED
CONCEPTUALLY FOR THE ENGINEERING OF THE PRESENT PROPOSAL
THE MOBILIZING ELEMENTS: (Observations and philosophy)
After the first decade of the 21st century, all humanity, globalized and organized society, that is, continents, blocks of countries, individual states, have before them the enormous geopolitical and geostrategic challenge of achieving the highest level of satisfaction and occupation of the world population in a framework of global peace, directing actions towards the solidary elimination, with social equity, of hunger and poverty, through promoting and leveraging sustainable economic development with great respect for the environmental preservation of the planet.
The achievement of these objectives and these actions are only possible if very clear and effective decisions impregnated with a deep human ethics and morals are assumed, in the direction of the construction of the main structural columns to support the desired development, such as the maximum education of the people, the expansion of the horizons of scientific knowledge and the enormous incorporation of technological innovation.
Nations require that scientific talent can and must be trained, retained and attracted, this being one of the keys for local science to improve its competitiveness and for it to participate in equal conditions in the global response to great scientific and technological challenges of the world. An adequate response to this challenge should be channeled mainly through the implementation and implementation of scientific-technological projects and the implementation of excellent infrastructures, adequate and in accordance with the international dimension.
These are the real and not fanciful demands that meet the challenge of the present and the future: Autonomous development as a country in tune with the growing international scientific-technological dimension; the quantitative and qualitative leap in the destinies of public resources and the consolidation of a scientific community, professionalized, competitive and open to the world, require transformative measures such as those proposed in this work.
Science in Argentina
Argentina had extraordinary moments of splendor and sad moments of darkness in matters of scientific research. Science and research, how could it be otherwise, were not absent or unaware of the historical process and accompanied the inexorable pendulum oscillation of the history of the various branches of national activity. Thus, we have attended and witnessed the national and international recognition of several of its national scientific protagonists (not only revealed in the Congresses and in the publications, but also materialized by the respective Academies of National and International Sciences, through of the awarding of prizes or for the honorary designation as Members of the same). As a backlight to those perks,It was also necessary to attend dark moments that were characterized by the minimization, degradation and even almost disappearance of Argentine scientific investigative activity, perhaps the most significant period of crisis in contemporary history, which began on July 29 of 1966 date in which the so-called "Night of the Long Canes" took place.
In the 1940s and 1950s, as a final part of the Second World War, an important current of scientific research took place in Argentina, comparable to the highest international levels (in some cases, advanced science of the first order was even established). A decade later, an important group of scientists had been formed who, on the one hand, had been trained at international universities with top-level figures, and on the other, had constituted academic chairs and research laboratories in the country such as the National Atomic Energy Commission, the Foundation Campomar, the Malbrán Institute, the Calculus Institute, the Faculty of Exact Sciences of the University of Buenos Aires, the University of La Plata, the University of the South, etc.
This stream of international excellence also allowed the formation of a pleiad of more than 3,000 young scientists who dedicated themselves to academic teaching and research (the postgraduate degree of Doctor of the University of Buenos Aires had been internationally approved with that of PhD (Philosofical Doctor) from the main Universities of the World (Sorbonne, Berkeley, Stanford, UCLA, Brown, Harvard, Turin, Oxford, Moscow, Prague, etc.)
The aftermath of coups d'état, in this case the interruption of the democratic presidency of Dr Leandro Ilía by the military coup led by General Onganía, shortly after, led to the intervention of national universities precisely with the intervention of The Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences of the UBA on the famously sad night of the long sticks, that was the starting point at which the most phenomenal exodus of more than 1700 Argentine scientists and researchers who already had the aforementioned recognition and prestige began. international for their work. You can read about this disastrous page of the history of science and Research in Argentina, in the publication called "Rupture and Reconstruction of Argentine Science", which was presented by the Ministry of Education,the Secretary of Science and Technology, the Presidency of the Nation and UNESCO in 2008, as a result of the workshops that had been held for this purpose in late 2007.
More than forty years have passed since that date, during that time the country suffered the evil of new coups d'état until democracy was finally recovered definitively. Recently, during the last 35 to 40 years of Argentine history, various attempts have been implemented to implement national development policies, some of them erratic, weak and without conviction, others aimlessly and many others contrary to development, to research and even to the growth and industrialization of the country. (Celebrate public recommendation (?) Of a famous Minister of Economy of the country was that of:…. "CONICET scientists and researchers have to dedicate themselves to washing dishes"…)
Currently, one of the most worrisome world problems for states, beyond war, hunger and unemployment, is that of "the loss, drainage or brain drain." In our case, there is no doubt that this exodus of scientists constitutes a phenomenal loss since we are not only losing the investment that it meant to train them, but we are also losing the possibility of having their valuable contributions to contribute to national development.
Let's think that great loss has meant for the country to have around 6000 Argentine scientists working abroad, despite the implementation, since 2008, of the Roots Program, which has allowed the recovery and repatriation of nearly a thousand of them. they are already working again in the country.
In Spain, a country that despite having had a strong technological development in the last 15 to 20 years, is trying to implement a stronger anti-brain drain policy, through the recent drafting of a preliminary draft for the sanction of a new Science, Technology and Innovation law presented in early May of next year to the Cortes for their corresponding debate and legislative treatment.
THE CONCEPTS AND TRENDS OF MODERNITY
The term "Cluster" was coined in 1990 by Michael Porter in his study on the competitive advantage of nations to achieve their full development.
A Cluster is a group of interconnected companies and associations that operate in a sector of related or similar industries and that are linked or interrelated by a series of common and complementary characteristics.
A Cluster as an organizational and complementary element among entrepreneurial actors, represents a new way of approaching economic development and policy formulation to efficiently maximize productivity and competitiveness.
The Cluster captures not only the vertical relationships of the supplier-distributor type, but goes further, taking into account horizontal relationships (of competition and collaboration between companies), financial support, research or meeting points whose coordination and Impact is absolutely decisive for generating a sustainable competitive advantage.
THE QUESTION OF UNIVERSITIES:
RECONCEPTUALIZED FIGURE: “THE CAMPUS OF INTERNATIONAL EXCELLENCE”
The transition to a knowledge society requires changes at the University and new approaches in education, research and collaboration with the social and business fabric.
The evidence about the favorable influence that good higher education systems have on economic prosperity is difficult to question. A detailed study of the behavior of those economies that are considered success stories in their global behavior, contributes as a common factor the complicity between universities and the extent of modernization of their growth pattern and their institutions.
This essential modernization of the University must be based on the promotion of excellence in training and research, the internationalization of the university system and its involvement in social demands, the change of the economic model based on knowledge and the improvement of innovation.
In several places in our country it has already been proposed to start the reinstallation (as of 2007) of the concept of university campus as an instrument to modernize the system and improve the international visibility of the Argentine university. These campuses may be made up of one or more universities, research institutes, technology centers, public research organizations and institutions of excellence from local, provincial or regional communities, thus projecting an aggregation of intellectual value, with strategic projection and whose objective is based on the quality of its teaching activity, on scientific excellence, on its international vocation and on its transformation of knowledge into innovation.
SUSTAINABLE AND SUSTAINABLE CAMPUSES OF EXCELLENCE
The aim is to develop an academic, scientific, entrepreneurial and innovative environment by launching spaces that promote the aggregation of institutions that share the same campus environment, have high international visibility and are true university life environments socially integrated into the urban and territorial district. It is a Campus with high quality conditions and provision of services with consequent improvements in energy use and respectful environmental integration. Therefore we are talking about sustainable, healthy, accessible and inclusive campuses that play a greater interaction and a didactic role in the social, urban and cultural environment, projecting themselves externally as a model of spatial harmony, sustainability and universal accessibility for people with disabilities.
The main objectives are:
Improve the visibility and international prestige of the university campus through the promotion of strategic aggregations to achieve critical mass and competitive excellence at the international level;
Promote excellence-oriented diversification and specialization
Promote the development of innovative regions based on a production system based on knowledge.
The modern campuses of today's university world have specialized areas where they can develop their strategic lines and elements of aggregation to be able to attract and seduce the best students and researchers and locate infrastructures and scientific facilities in the context of the campus. In this sense, the aggregation around the university of all the agents of the knowledge triangle (education, research and innovation) is the cornerstone on which this concept is based, in order to obtain critical mass in strategic areas of knowledge., in which to achieve excellence and relevance to build the socioeconomic development of the geographical location, such as that of our Region, our Province and our Country (see cases of Spain, France, Italy, Germany,Great Britain within the 2015 University Project or the Bologna Plan, both belonging to the European Community; Campus of the University of Chile, Campus of the University of Campinhas in Brazil, in addition to the most recent cases of some universities in our country such as the Pilar Campus of the Austral University (private), the Miguelete Campus of the National University of San Martín - UNSAM and the future Campus of the National University of Lomas de Zamora. (The National University of Río Negro has already entered into projects for the Future Campus of the San Carlos de Bariloche Campus).in addition to the most recent cases of some universities in our country such as the Pilar Campus of the Austral University (private), the Miguelete Campus of the National University of San Martín- UNSAM and the future Campus of the National University of Lomas de Zamora. (The National University of Río Negro has already entered into projects for the Future Campus of the San Carlos de Bariloche Campus).in addition to the most recent cases of some universities in our country such as the Pilar Campus of the Austral University (private), the Miguelete Campus of the National University of San Martín- UNSAM and the future Campus of the National University of Lomas de Zamora. (The National University of Río Negro has already entered into projects for the Future Campus of the San Carlos de Bariloche Campus).
WHAT IS A “SPIN-OFF”?
“A new way of undertaking, a way of investigating …….”
What is a "spin-off"? Many, outside the scientific and academic field, ask strangers about this concept. This concept is as new or recent as the so-called Technological Base Company (EBT), that is to say that both terms or concepts are part of a reality that is little implemented or little installed and even less known, despite the multiple possibilities and alternatives that these offer to the development world.
The doors of these ideas-concepts open not only exclusively for the scientist or university researcher, but also open for society in general and for the entrepreneurial business world in particular.
Society benefits from the development of new products, new technology and the significant added value, conceived and developed by specialized minds and hands.
The business world expands its spectrum. New relationships emerge, new models, new ways of investing venture capital or profits.
"Spin-off" is an Anglo-Saxon term that expresses the idea of creating new companies within other existing companies or organizations, whether public or private, which in fact act as incubators or "nurseries". Over time, these innovative new ventures end up acquiring legal, technical and commercial independence.
Technology-based companies, within the "spin-off" process, are usually linked not only to other companies of equal or greater bias, but fundamentally linked to the university or universities, exchanging approaches and ideas and spatially contributing to the transfer of scientific findings from these to the social sector in the form of innovative products (they integrate university scientific research, both theoretical and practical, with the entrepreneurial capital or company to achieve the materialization of innovation)
Examples such as the well-known Sillicon Valley, which was born by the gestational action of the Universities of Stanford and Berkeley, in California, reflect the take-off of this practice in the United States and a certain comparative delay in Europe and the Ibero-American area, having currently narrowed the existing gap in the recent past
The role played by university “OTRIS” (Research Results Transfer Offices), business incubators or incubators, and the science and technology parks in which they are established cannot be omitted, forgotten or ignored. All of the aforementioned constitute the basic components for the development of the spin-off action or process.
Conceptually, the OTRIS are dedicated to the emergence of technology-based business creation initiatives within a public or private knowledge body such as universities, with innovation as a banner. The initiative and the initial financing of these newly created “companies” starts mainly from the university, although later private capital may come into play. Technology parks and poles, business incubators,
University Offices for the Transfer of Research Results (OTRIS) and patents are the most common means for the university to translate knowledge into possible merchandise. Some analysts already speak of "new social contract of the university".
With all this, it is no longer that the research in the universities is only effective and efficient, but rather functional and effective to be placed in the accelerated dynamics of the markets that are in permanent evolution and constant change, adjusted to the megatrends ("megatrends")
The actors involved in its origin are teachers, students or administrative and service personnel (PAS) with high training in research and interest in applying their knowledge to the creation of new products that can be placed in these markets. Therefore, the initiative is public while private objectives are pursued.
Here comes into play the business philosophy of William Bolton who postulates that the "raw materials" of these companies must be made up of "ideas" and "people" capable of becoming "business opportunities" and "potential entrepreneurs", respectively.
For researchers, this new philosophy represents an employment opportunity within the limited supply to which they have access.
For the university, this idea becomes an opportunity to transfer their knowledge to society in addition to optimizing it and obtaining benefits.
In Latin American countries, for example, business incubators and spin-offs offer the possibility of creating employment and investment with the aim of compensating for the negative effects of underdevelopment, unemployment, underemployment and even permanent lack of updated training (update) that allows to maintain a reasonable level of competitiveness and social improvement
Organizations that support and promote the action of "spin-off" in South America.
Organization of American States (OAS), Division of Science and Technology.
In the Cartagena Declaration of March 29, 1996, what this body sought to implement in the area was already outlined.
Its key objective for scientific and technological development is to increase the area's capacity to generate knowledge and convert it into new products, processes and services that facilitate the region's sustainable economic and social development.
At the national level, it opts for a series of policies that promote the training of human resources, the development of greater research capacity in areas of national interest, and the strengthening of innovation systems.
The OAS has a series of programs to implement what was decided in the Cartagena Declaration. On the one hand, the MERCOCYT program enables universities, institutes and research centers to contribute to the generation and transfer of technology used by SMEs (Small and
Medium-sized companies) and public service providers.
On the other hand, the Bolívar Program fosters cooperation to create strategic units between innovative companies, universities and R&D centers in the hemisphere.
Iberoamerican Program of Science and Technology for Development
We are facing a specific program for science and technology that seeks cooperation in this field, from basic research to technological development and innovation. It also supports the transfer of technologies between different countries.
The Iberoeka Program of this organization seeks to link companies with other institutions to achieve an effective transfer of knowledge to society and facilitate the generation of innovation projects. An example is the Iberoeka Innovation Projects, projects jointly developed by companies and public and private research organizations.
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
The Inter-American Development Bank is the agency that draws on resources from member countries, loans obtained in financial markets, administration funds, and loan repayments to finance loans, grants, and investments that support development projects in Latin America and the Caribbean.
In the field of Science and Technology, it promotes scientific and technological progress indirectly, through its loan and technical assistance operations that contribute to the introduction of scientific and technological advances. It also contributes to the financing of higher education projects and the development of science and technology.
It supports applied research to a greater extent. His higher education loans include a strong component of basic and applied science support related to developmental problems. In the chapter on technology transfer, its objective is to intensify efforts to accelerate it.
Andean Development Fund (FAD)
This regional body of the Andean Community proposed to finance in 2000 a program to generate companies from the universities.
Thus, the Andean seed and venture capital funds appeared for new entrepreneurs and for an Andean program of seed companies or business incubators.
The university or institutional “OTRIS” (Technology transfer organizations)
Due to the exposed within the spin-off process, the university or institutional OTRIS become essential and vital organisms for the transfer of the investigation to the society from the places where it is generated: the university or another public investigation organism. They act as a true interface between the university researcher and the industrial or business sector.
Pragmatically the concept of technology transfer is used to describe a formal transfer of rights to use and commercialize new discoveries and innovations resulting from scientific research. Within the spin-off, this is understood as the use of the right itself reflected in the “patent”. In fact, many universities measure the success of their technology transfer offices in the number of patents, license agreements, and new companies formed, in addition to other external factors such as revenue generated by copyright or the number of successful products. placed on the market.
Since our founding in 1972, there has been an Institution of recognized national and international prestige such as INVAP, in which the Province of Río Negro, the National Atomic Energy Commission (CONEA), the Balseiro University Institute, the Bariloche Foundation and whose primary research objective was pioneered in the field of technology transfer (state-of-the-art technology) and currently has been expanded directly to the engineering and manufacture of specialized equipment in the field of nuclear energy, of radioisotopes, medical equipment and instruments, and even electronics and space technology. Said institution is a clear example of collaboration and interaction between the State, State Organizations, the University and employers,thus giving rise to a new dynamic with a new model.
A NEW MODEL OF MULTIPLE INTERACTION: “LA TRIPLE HELIX”
The establishment of science and technology in the productive sector and, therefore, in society has been an arduous task that has gone through different theoretical stages. From the linear model to the Triple Helix, passing through the New Knowledge Production model, theorists have witnessed the birth of the aforementioned "spin-offs".
It is difficult to fit the spin-off into a strict, structured and immovable theoretical model, since the profile or “personality” varies between countries, institutions, universities. In this sense, there are voices from Latin America that wonder if the triple helix is viable in developing economic systems. We believe so.
The triple helix model takes as a reference the spiral of innovation (compared to the traditional linear model) establishing reciprocal relationships between the university, the company and the government. These three spheres, which generally work independently, in watertight individualistic compartments, in this model tend to work together with criteria of associativity and complementation.
The actors involved in it are academic researchers, who have become "entrepreneurs" as a synonym for entrepreneurs of their own technologies, entrepreneurs who work in a university laboratory or technology transfer office, public researchers, academic researchers and researchers. industrialists, who run regional agencies responsible for technology transfer.
In order for the actors to act out their interactive roles (role training), a series of institutions such as Technology Parks are created, calling them in this model “hybrid agents of innovation”.
On the other hand, the actor will make decisions in accordance with the existing regulatory framework and financial incentives.
As an international example we can refer to what is currently happening in Spain with the Barcelona Science Park. In the Spanish Region of Catalonia, the R & D & i policy has been notably more innovative during the last decade with an increase in public and private subsidies in the field of research and innovation. This park is committed to ensuring that universities are well connected to the economic and social world, both near and far. Its situation in the Pedralbes area responds to the availability of existing research staff in that area, where the University of Barcelona has its most active research staff and its most important research infrastructure and services. Thus, trilateral relations have developed: the university provides the place,The central and regional governments have supported the project politically and economically since its inception, and the European Union's ERDF Funds partially finance this initiative. The triple helix becomes effective: researchers from the University of Barcelona and other universities have become entrepreneurs or entrepreneurs, the State pushes the project with its economic and legislative support and, finally, institutions such as spin-offs or business incubators that promote the incorporation of technology into the market.the State pushes the project with its economic and legislative support and, finally, institutions such as spin-offs or business incubators are created that promote the incorporation of technology into the market.the State pushes the project with its economic and legislative support and, finally, institutions such as spin-offs or business incubators are created that promote the incorporation of technology into the market.
What is a Science-Technology Park (in this case for PyMES or MicroPyMES)
It is an induced development project and is normally associated with a certain physical space, which:
1º) Maintains formal and operational relationships with universities, specific thematic research centers and other higher education institutions.
2º) It is designed to encourage the formation and growth of knowledge-based companies and other high value-added organizations belonging to the tertiary sector, normally resident in the Park itself.
3º) It has a stable management body that promotes technology transfer and fosters innovation among the companies and organizations that use the Park.
Since the 1950s, there has been a trend in the world to favor the Scientific and / or Technological Parks or Poles that are born from the interrelation between University-City-Company, are the result of a political will to manage knowledge for the benefit of the local and regional economic development of its geographical area of influence. These are "state-of-the-art" applied research centers that concentrate scientists from the university, business world and public organizations, with the aim of transferring knowledge and technologies to society and promoting innovation in the field of development (activity, sector, economy, locality, region, province, country, society)
The origin of the Science and / or Technology Parks is closely linked (as already mentioned) to the experience of the Silicon Valley, which for just two decades increased technological development and, therefore, accelerated economic growth in such an impressive way, that by getting to know each other outside its limits, everyone has wanted to reproduce this experience (boom), finding as a methodology that: “Countries, regions, municipalities, universities, developers, entrepreneurs have tried to copy and innovate the phenomena that occurred there from a naturally, this reproduction of the experiences of the Silicon Valley, in different manifestations and processes, has led to the creation throughout the world of the so-called Science and
Technology Parks ”. (Bombay, Dublin, Barcelona, Gottinghen, etc)
It is also valid to mention the Stanford Industrial Park, (linked to the Stanford and Berkeley Universities) which is recognized as the first expression of this trend, being created in 1953 in California, United States and where highly qualified human resources they constituted the primary element that favored the decision to create this type of organization.
There are several definitions of specialists, but the most appropriate is that of the International Association of Science Parks (IASP), who recently developed a definition for these infrastructures to support technological innovation, considering for This is all the models and experiences of Technology and Scientific Parks of the 55 member countries of this great world network, and in this way ensure the global nature of this definition, "… the Scientific and Technological Parks represent a specific project in a physical space, in collaboration with universities, research centers or other higher education institutions, and have been designed to promote the creation or installation of innovative technology-based industries,or companies in the service sector with high added value products ”.
It is also defined that a Technology Park, “… is an organization managed by specialized professionals, whose fundamental objective is to increase the wealth of its community by promoting the culture of innovation and the competitiveness of the companies and institutions that generate knowledge, installed in the park. or associated with it ”.
Some authors agree that the most widely used strategies in various countries to strengthen interaction at the university level, generating new ideas and the productive sector, which transforms and develops them, is the creation of Science Parks.
However, there are authors who consider that the University-City-Business triangle that is spoken in the Science Parks is not always a perfect balance, but that often, the power relations between the three spheres conclude with the leadership of the project by One of the parts, the experience carried out so far, coinciding with the specialized literature, shows that the development of synergistic relationships between the scientific, technological and industrial world is not simple or automatic (in the sense that the links are not easily given for the mere fact that both communities coexist in the same geographical space) and that the Technology Parks and Poles (PT) must work hard to create these positive unions
Although some Parks are clearly led by the University, they have the main objective of linking university research teams to the business world and are born from the need to connect academic knowledge with the company, so that higher education institutions do not lose competitiveness once the monopoly of knowledge disappeared.
Examples of Parks in which the University exercises a predominant strategic role of induction and orientation are the Science Park of the University of Moncton, in Canada, the Technology Park of the University of Nebraska, the University Research Park, of the University of Wisconsin -Madison, the Audubon Business and Technological Center, led by the Columbia University Helth Science Division, of New York or the Cambridge Science Park, at the University of Cambridge, in the United Kingdom.
There are also the other types of Science Parks in which companies lead and lead knowledge management. These are areas specially designed to attract pioneering companies in high technology. Higher education institutions are not necessarily involved or play a secondary role, since it is technology companies that demand and catalyze knowledge. Examples of these parks are Silicon Valley, Midwest Scientific and the National Business Incubator Assotiation of Philadelphia, in the United States; Nanjing Jiangnin in China.
Scientific Parks have also been set up, which are led by the territory, understood as the city or region government, to promote their economic and social development in the context of globalization and the knowledge society. Examples: Thailand Science Park, in Bangkok, Panama International Technopark framed in the City of Knowledge, the National Technological Park, in Limerick, Ireland.
You can not stop referring to the Constituent Technological Poles or TECNÓPOLIS. The Tecnopolis try to unite universities, R&D centers and companies in a territory and animate, catalyze their connection to produce innovations. These include technology parks, high-tech complexes, scientific cities, and major metropolitan areas of the highest order. The International Association uses the generic name of Technology Park and lately the technocell concept is used, which mainly combines technology parks and business incubators.
Business Incubators are one of the most widespread initiatives in the promotion of innovation, which is a very important factor for the creation, maintenance and development of new technology-based companies (or simply innovative ones), allowing, in this way, to increase rate of creation and survival of new businesses based on knowledge and technology. Incubators for technology-based companies are a strategic element of local innovation policies and are defined as assistance programs to support, advise and protect emerging companies based on knowledge.
The Science and Technology Parks represent an opportunity for higher education institutions and, more than competing for the monopoly of knowledge, they allow the University to project itself as a catalyst of knowledge for the benefit of society.
Many authors agree with the criterion that the important elements in the Poles or Parks are:
a) Significant education and training of Human Resources.
b) Creation of an ideal environment for the interaction between basic research, applied research and technological innovation.
c) Places from which the creation of new companies is promoted both in the university and business areas (incubation process)
d) Promoters and leaders who embody the projects and enable the emergence of technological bases, whose activities coincide with the profile of the Research from centers of excellence and academic institutions.
To give just a few figures, we take the reference from the specialist German Crespo, when he says: "in Europe there are 450 science and technology parks, in Asia 320, in Africa 45, in America not including the United States 122, in the United States 155".
There are examples of thematic specificity such as Biomedical Parks, such as the "Delaware Technology Park, in the United States, the Biomed Singapore, the San Rafael Biomedical Park, in Italy, the Biomedical Research Alliance of New York", all of which have the objective of promoting scientific development and innovation for the benefit of society and Quality of Life.
CONCLUSIONS
The combined action of the University Campus of International Excellence (CEI) spatially associated with the Scientific Poles, Scientific Parks, Technological Parks and / or the Technopolis (PCT), promote and act as integrating elements of the System of Science and Technological Innovation and in the that business activity is strongly proactive and entrepreneurial in the demand and supply of results and services. One of its purposes is to achieve a real and effective integration of the different actors involved to support economic and social development through agile and effective processes of innovation.
These Poles or Clusters that combine CEI with PCT, constitute a very serious alternative aimed at the sustainable development of the territory through obtaining a comprehensive and integrated dynamic of university education, scientific research work and the development of the widest collaboration between the Research, Research-Production and Technical Scientific Services centers, thus promoting the formation of a marked educational, economic, scientific, technological and productive potential.
The specific treatment of possible lines of academic development, scientific and technological research deserve a separate chapter, which must in principle be agreed with the actors and compatible with the variables of current supply and demand, approached from the prospective perspective. with which we imagine the future. However, it is quite convincing, based on this vision of the future, to guide the trend towards the theoretical and applied lines of action of Physics, Chemistry, Physicochemistry, Mathematics, Engineering, especially Bioengineering, the new materials such as Biomaterials, glass-ceramic materials, alloys, Nanotechnology especially of Nanoparticles, Techotronics, Conductors and Semiconductors, Cybernetics both at software and hardware level,Environmental Science and Technology and alternative Energies to replace conventional energies.
LAW VIII- Nº 81
(Before Law 5819)
Article 1º.- The “Universidad del Chubut” is created in the Province of Chubut, as a public juridical person, endowed with academic and institutional autonomy and economic-financial autarchy.
Article 2º.- The University of Chubut will have its headquarters in the city of Rawson, being able to establish organisms or dependencies within the provincial jurisdiction, and will be governed by the provisions of National Law No. 24,521 on Higher Education or that which in the future will replace, as long as it does not violate provincial autonomy.
Article 3º.- The institutional project that is formulated must foresee the development of teaching, research and university extension activities that respond to the economic, scientific, technological, cultural, environmental and planning needs of the provincial territory.
Article 4º.- The regulation of the present law, the institutional project and the statutes that as a consequence are dictated, must guarantee the exercise of autonomy and autarchy agreed under the following conditions:
1. Institutionally:
to. That autonomy is practiced with responsibility, generating coordination and articulation mechanisms with the educational system of the Province.
b. That the collegiate bodies of the Higher Government of the University ensure the representation of teachers, students, graduates, non-teachers and the Ministry of Education of the Province of Chubut.
c. The University Statute will establish that the collegiate bodies have exclusively general normative functions, definition of control policies or election of authorities or resolution of processes for the appointment of teachers and officials; insofar as sole proprietorships have mainly executive functions.
d. That equal opportunities in access and continuity of studies be ensured.
and. That permanent institutional self-evaluation mechanisms be contemplated.
2. Academically:
F. That an educational offer that responds to and satisfies the real needs of the Province be a priority, providing approval mechanisms with the study plans of the Non-University Higher Institutes recognized by the Ministry of Education of the Province.
3. In the investigation:
g. That special importance be assigned to research oriented to those aspects that contribute to the requirements of the region.
4. In the extension:
h. That the extension functions provided for in Article 28, subsection e) of the National Law on Higher Education No. 24,521 are guaranteed.
5. Financially:
i. That agile, efficient and effective administrative procedures are foreseen, that guarantee transparency and speed in the management of funds and establish modern control systems that are adapted to the needs and modalities of the institution.
j. That a regime of asset liability and asset management contracts be established that responds to the principles of speed and transparency.
k. Law II No. 76 (formerly Law No. 5,447) on Financial Administration and its amendments will be applicable to the University of Chubut and will be subject to the audit of the Court of Accounts of the Province of Chubut.
Article 5º.- The Provincial Executive Power will designate a Rector / Organizer and at his / her proposal, will designate those who will make up the hierarchical team of the University.
Article 6º.- Until the governing bodies of the University of Chubut are integrated, the rules oriented to the organization and operation will be approved by the Provincial Executive Power.
Article 7º.- The organization process will conclude in a period of four (4) years, and may be extended by the Executive Power, at the request of the Organizing Rector, for a maximum period of two (2) years.
Article 8º.- The University of Chubut is empowered to sign agreements destined to enhance its human capital and performance in teaching, scientific, technological, literary, artistic and cultural creation; and / or contribute to the development and strengthening of other organizations and institutions.
Article 9º.- For the purposes of this law, the Financing Fund of the University of Chubut is created, which will conform to the budget item that is assigned annually by the General Budget Law of the Provincial Administration, and with other additional funds that come from the sale of goods, products, rights or services, subsidies, contributions, inheritances, donations, rights or fees for the services they provide, as well as any other resource that may correspond to any title or activity according to their purposes.
Article 10.- The Institute of Social Assistance will transfer to the University of Chubut, by way of extraordinary contribution and for the only time, the sum of FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND PESOS ($ 500,000.00).-
Article 11.- The expenses demanded by the implementation of this Law will be met with the contribution of the Social Assistance Institute, provided in the previous Article and the funds that the Provincial Executive Power transfers to the University of Chubut.
Article 12.- The Provincial Executive Power is authorized to carry out the budgetary adjustments necessary to comply with this Law.
Article 13: GENERAL LAW. Contact the Executive Branch.
PROMOTION AND PROMOTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
Law No. 23,877
Goals. Glossary. Beneficiaries. Initiative to link science and technology with production. Initiative for the promotion and promotion of innovation. Application authority. Advisory Council for the Promotion and Promotion of Innovation.
Federalization. Special provisions.
Sanctioned: September 28, 1990.
Act enacted: October 26, 1990.
The Senate and Chamber of Deputies of the Argentine Nation meeting in Congress, etc., sanction with the force of Law:
Section I
Objectives
ARTICLE 1 - The purpose of this law is to improve productive and commercial activity, through the promotion and encouragement of research and development, the transfer of technology, technical assistance and all those innovative facts that result in achieving greater well-being. of the people and the greatness of the Nation, socially prioritizing the task of the scientist, the technologist and the innovative entrepreneur.
ARTICLE 2 - The promotion on an industrial scale of the property, or the provision of the service in question, is explicitly excluded from the scope of Section V of this law. Section II Glossary
ARTICLE 3 - For the purposes of this law, the following definitions are formulated: a) Research and development: project whose purpose of work is:
1. Applied research: works aimed at acquiring knowledge for practical application in production and / or marketing.
2. Pre-competitive technological research: systematic work to deepen existing knowledge derived from research and / or practical experience, aimed at the production of new materials, products or devices and the establishment of new processes, systems or services, including the phase construction of prototypes, pilot plants or demonstration units, ending with the approval of the same.
3. Adaptations and improvements: developments aimed at adapting technologies and introducing improvements, which usually lack the originality and novelty features that characterize the projects indicated in sections 1 and 2 of this subsection;
b) technology transfer: projects in which development has already been produced and / or approved, must go from the pilot scale to the industrial scale;
c) Technical assistance: projects that tend to transfer knowledge, information or services to solve specific technical problems or provide elements for their resolution, such as, for example, optimizing a process, improving the quality of a product, testing for control of quality, advice in design, marketing, commissioning of plants or tests of operation and performance, or training and training of personnel;
d) Linking Unit: non-state entity established for the identification, selection and formulation of research and development projects, technology transfer and technical assistance. It represents the fundamental nucleus of the system, providing its legal structure to facilitate the management, organization and management of projects. It may or may not be related to a public body;
e) Collaboration groups: those defined by law 22,903, amending law 19,550, in its Chapter III, Section I, articles 367 and 376, with a specification in its contract on the dissolution of the same and the distribution of benefits that could be generated during its existence or after its dissolution;
f) Capital or risk investment: financial activity in which the capital provider makes an investment in the medium term, the remuneration is given by the capital gain rather than by the interest or dividend paid; therefore, the financial resources provided are assigned by a title that does not produce the right to demand their restitution but rather participate in a third-party business, in which the investor is at the maximum joint responsibility of the business; it must involve a variable assistance and support activity; it must contemplate an exit clause in which the form and time in which the investment can be settled are agreed. Section III
Beneficiaries
ARTICLE 4 - Individuals and individuals of ideal existence, public or private, duly constituted and empowered in accordance with national laws, who carry out productive, scientific, technological or financial activities, with legal domicile in Argentine territory, will be beneficiaries of this law. and that they voluntarily adhere to the obligations and rights that emanate from this law.
Section IV
Initiative to link science and technology with production
ARTICLE 5 - The official research and development institutions that adhere to this law are empowered to establish and / or contract bonding units, in order to have a legal structure that allows them a more flexible and contractual relationship with the productive sector of goods and / or services.
One or more linking units may form collaboration groups with one or more productive and / or service entities.
ARTICLE 6 - For the purposes of completing the provisions of article 5, the official research and development institutions adhering to this law:
a) They must regulate the relationship with their linking unit, the systems of affectation and additional remuneration of its personnel, the norms and criteria for the use of laboratory instruments and infrastructure, the initial contribution and any requirement determined by the enforcement authority of this law;
b) They may establish additional assignments for staff. They must be extracted from the funds produced by the projects they develop.
ARTICLE 7 - The linking units:
a) They may adopt the form of civil, cooperative, commercial or mixed society, governed in each case by the corresponding legislation;
b) They must have as their sole purpose that stipulated in article 1 of this law;
c) They will be empowered to act, after their regulations have been evaluated and approved by the corresponding enforcement authority;
d) They may make collaboration contracts with companies in the public or private sector or with each other;
e) They must foresee "a priori" the participation in the rights acquired by successful results of the personnel involved in such projects.
ARTICLE 8 - Public or private companies in the national productive system of goods or services, adhered to this law:
a) They may use the promotional instruments referred to in article 9 of this law;
b) They may, for the purposes of article 3, subparagraph a), set up collaboration groups:
1. It will be a sine qua non condition, in the constitution of collaboration groups, that the business partner is part of the management of the same;
2. Contributions, rights, obligations and percentages of return for each party should be specified in all cases in case of successful results, providing a contribution of not less than and equivalent to 5% of the total received by the linking unit, to integrate the fund for the promotion and promotion of innovation created in article 12 of this law.
c) They will be governed, in relation to the provisions of article 3, subsection b) and c), by the corresponding regulation.
Section V
Initiatives for the promotion and promotion of innovation
ARTICLE 9 - The National Executive Power is empowered to implement the following mechanisms:
a) Financial promotion and promotion:
They will be in charge of the financial entities, empowered for such purposes by the Central Bank of the Argentine Republic, and are adhered to the present law; b) Tax promotion and promotion:
The National Executive Power will annually establish a quota of tax credits, which may be used only for the modality indicated in article 10, paragraphs a.1) and b) of this law. The beneficiary companies may impute them to the payment of national taxes, in an amount not exceeding 50% of the total project and must be used in equal parts within a period of three years. Its granting will be in charge of the enforcement authority; c) Non-financial promotion and promotion:
They will be provided by the State, according to budgetary provisions, contributions from the Treasury or genuinely arise from the application of this law, and are awarded with a return charge but without interest. Its granting will be in charge of the enforcement authority; d) Special promotion and promotion:
Those that are created, temporarily or permanently, and that are not included in the previous categories, are understood as such, including those that may be awarded without a charge for return. Its granting will be in charge of the enforcement authority when appropriate.
The enforcement authority will establish a project evaluation system that will consider, at least, its economic, technological feasibility and the percentage of risk, and that will be carried out by third parties not involved in the project or in the granting of the promotion instrument.
ARTICLE 10. - The instruments for the promotion and promotion of innovation may be requested by the entities adhering to this law in accordance with the following modalities:
a) Research and development projects:
1. By the collaboration groups.
2. By companies that have, create or form, research or development departments or groups.
3. For the linking units that have a business guarantee;
b) Technology transmission and / or technical assistance projects, the execution of which is carried out by a linking unit:
Only by production companies.
ARTICLE 11. - For the purposes of the object of this law, priority should be given to:
a) The micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, adopting as a criterion for their definition, the one established by resolution 401/89 of the Ministry of Economy;
b) Those projects that are of national, provincial or sectorial interest. ARTICLE 12. - The Fund for the Promotion and Promotion of Innovation is created whose specific destination will be the provisions of paragraphs c) and d) of article 9 of this law.
ARTICLE 13. - The Fund created by the previous article will be constituted with:
a) The contribution made by the national State through the budget of the Nation, and decrees and special laws;
b) Contributions and subsidies from other official and private departments or agencies;
c) The product stipulated in article 8, subsection b.2) of this law;
d) Contributions resulting from conventions or agreements with international or foreign organizations;
e) Legacies, donations and inheritances.
Section VI
Enforcement Authority
ARTICLE 14. - The Secretary of Science and Technology of the Nation, will be the authority of application of the present law.
ARTICLE 15. - The functions of the enforcement authority will be: a) Formulate the general regulations;
b) Enable the linking units;
c) Approve and determine the percentages with which the projects that request the instruments of promotion and promotion stipulated in Section V of this law (articles 9, 10, 11 and 12) will be benefited, when appropriate;
d) Dispose of the destination of the funds shared with the Nation, and that of the non-adhered provinces as established in articles 19 and 20 of this law;
e) Propose to the National Executive Power the instruments of promotion and promotion for each financial year;
f) Propose to the National Executive Power, the structuring of a system of investment funds or risk capital, under the guidelines established in article 3, paragraph f); g) Regulate the evaluation system referred to in Article 9 "in fine";
h) Establish general guidelines to structure training, retraining and business and personnel training systems; and business training for micro, small and medium-sized companies, which must be provided by third parties.
In all cases the enforcement authority will require the advice of the Council
Advisory for the Promotion and Promotion of Innovation, which is created in Section VII of this law.
The processing of the topics indicated in subsections b) and c) of this article will be initiated by the Advisory Council, which will raise them to the enforcement authority.
Section VII
Advisory Council for the Promotion and Promotion of Innovation
ARTICLE 16. - The Advisory Council for the Promotion and Promotion of Innovation is created, whose functions will be to advise and propose actions before the enforcement authority.
ARTICLE 17. - The Consultative Council for the Promotion and Promotion of Innovation will be chaired by the Secretary of Science and Technology and will be constituted by the representatives of the following organizations:
a) One by the Ministry of Economy of the Nation;
b) One by the Ministry of Defense;
c) Two for the adhered provinces;
d) One by the National Council for Scientific and Technical Research;
e) One by the National Atomic Energy Commission;
f) One by the National Institute of Industrial Technology;
g) One by the National Institute of Agricultural Technology;
h) Two by the National Interuniversity Council;
i) One by the Council of Rectors of Private Universities;
j) One for the linking units;
k) Four for the productive union organizations;
l) One by the General Confederation of Labor;
m) Two for the financial sector.
They will be appointed by the Executive Power at the proposal of the respective organizations, which will also regulate its operation.
The Advisory Council may meet in plenary session and in permanent committees, in accordance with the regulations that regulate its operation.
The Advisory Council may integrate a permanent secretariat, whose organic structure, personnel and the necessary means for its operation will be provided by the body that is in charge of it.
Section VIII
Federalization
ARTICLE 18. - The National Executive Power will invite the provinces and the Municipality of the City of Buenos Aires to adhere to this law.
ARTICLE 19. - The instruments of promotion and promotion of innovation, national, indicated in article 9 of this law, will be distributed as follows: a) Twenty-five percent (25%) for the Nation;
b) Seventy-five percent (75%) for all the provinces and the Municipality of the City of Buenos Aires.
ARTICLE 20. - The distribution resulting from the application of Article 19, subsection b), shall be made between the adhering provinces and the Municipality of the City of Buenos Aires, in accordance with the following percentages:
ARTICLE 21. - The province that adheres to this law, will have as its application authority the provincial science and technology body, and must constitute an advisory council.
ARTICLE 22. - The provincial application authority shall have the following functions:
a) To administer the aliquot determined in article 20 and the funds provided at the provincial level;
b) Approve the projects submitted for their consideration.
Section IX
Special provisions
ARTICLE 23. - For the purposes of the object of the present law, except for article 136 of the General Accounting Law of the Nation to the public organizations adhered and enabled by the present law.
ARTICLE 24. - This law must be regulated within one hundred and eighty days of its promulgation.
ARTICLE 25. - Any legislation that opposes this law is repealed.
ARTICLE 26. - Contact the Executive Power. - ALBERTO R. PIERRI. - EDUARDO MENEM. - Esther H Pereyra Arandía de Pardo. - Hugo R. Flombaum.
GIVEN IN THE SESSION ROOM OF THE ARGENTINE CONGRESS, IN BUENOS AIRES, ON THE TWENTY-EIGHT DAYS OF THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER OF THE YEAR THOUSAND NINE HUNDRED NINETY-NINE.
SHEET: LOTS 9 AND 15 (PUELO RESERVE) INTA (two of the four INTA plots)
Category: Forest Reserve
Surface: 117 ha Province: Chubut
Tenure: National Prosecutor, although it is still necessary to complete administrative procedures to obtain ownership of the property, IFONA joined INTA with the State reform. Legal instrument: National Decree 2315/55.
Limits: set in narrative and physical form with perimeter fencing.
Administration: National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA).
Field staff: in the General San Martín Forest Field, a few km. de la Reserva works the personnel that administers and works in the RF, mostly professionals and forestry technicians, although they do not perform control and surveillance tasks, but rather research and management.
Administrative Personnel: it is administered from the General San Martín Forest Field although the personnel are not specifically assigned to it.
Technical Personnel: Forest professionals have occasionally been involved in Area Management. The staff profile is related to the Management of
Forests and not with Conservation.
Infrastructure and services: in reality it is a Forest Reserve that in its interior does not have infrastructure and services, except for an interpretation trail, signage and brochures in the summer; but it is part of the Forest Field and that Field has an administrative headquarters.
Equipment and materials: since it is a Forest Reserve, the respondents who took into account the specific objectives of the unit considered that the existence of vehicles, fire control equipment, machinery and communications equipment and office equipment in the General Forest field San Martín are enough to fulfill the objectives. If this small reserve were considered as a PA, contemplating objectives of biodiversity conservation, environmental education or recreational use, the equipment and materials were considered insufficient by the administrators.
Financing: financed with institutional contributions and own production
Design / zoning: it is a small reserve that does not have zoning and the design is linked to the existence of a cypress forest in good condition, although at present it is under intense pressure from the neighboring town for its disaffection as a reserve.
Planning: it does not have planning instruments.
Political context: there is support from the administrator for the sustainable management and conservation of the area.
Participation of the local community: there is no participation and the Municipality of Lago Puelo takes steps to appropriate the area.
Information / Research - Information management: frequent investigations are carried out in the area, although they are not related to management. There are topographic maps, aerial photos and tree flora surveys.
Monitoring and Evaluation: sporadic monitoring of some aspects is carried out and incorporated into management.
Environmental Education / extension / Dissemination: environmental education tasks are carried out sporadically.
Current use: Use is consistent with objectives, and respondents found it to be underused. Wood is extracted, research, environmental education and, to a lesser extent, tourism.
Population: there are no settlers inside, although the residents use the internal path of the reserve to reach their land. The Municipality of Lago Puelo, long-standing neighbors and recently arrived in the region surround the reserve.
Use in the surroundings / isolation / conflicting projects: in the surroundings there are 40% of natural areas, extensive livestock activities and afforestation with exotics. Within the RF, in areas without tree cover, it is planted with exotics (pines) and there is a project by the Municipality of Lago Puelo to subdivide the area.
Degree of alteration / illegal activities: there are regular, low-impact illegal entries, which are controlled by approximately 60%. Within the RF there are about 3 ha planted with exotic species.
Exploration of non-renewable resources: not carried out.
SIGNIFICANCE: Provides opportunities for environmental education.
Observations: The management to incorporate this Forest Reserve into the National System of Protected
Areas was not carried out by INTA, but at the request of the Nation's Secretariat of Natural Resources.
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