Martínez González Juan Ramón (2005), in his teaching research work entitled: “The Financial audit in the management of cooperative multiple service companies” presented at the University of Lima, concludes that the financial audit is a tool that will provide information on the reasonableness of the financial and economic information of the cooperative companies of multiple services, the same that will facilitate planning, decision-making and business control.
Escalante Cano Erick (2006) in his thesis entitled: "The Financial Audit Process in municipal management", presented to choose the Master's Degree in Accounting at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; concludes that the financial audit process is made up of planning, execution and reporting. In planning the objective, scope, procedures and techniques are designed, among other activities. In the execution, the audit procedures and techniques are applied to obtain sufficient, competent and relevant evidence. In the Report, the auditor expresses his opinion on the reasonableness of the financial and economic information. On the other hand, the so-called Internal Control Recommendations Letter is accompanied, which provides a series of guidelines on municipal management.
Medina Panta Luis (2005) in his thesis called: "Quality control in the development of the audit", presented to choose the Master's Degree in Accounting at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Medina concludes that it is not enough to comply with the audit process, but rather that it is necessary to evaluate the work of the auditors to ensure efficient and effective development. The quality control applied to the audit is the guarantee of a job with the best standards.
Vega Segura Eduardo (2004) in his thesis called: “The financial audit in the modern company”, presented to choose the degree of Master in Administration at the San Martín de Porres University, concludes that the audit is carried out on the basis of a process systemic, procedures, techniques and practices related to the administrative, commercial, accounting, tax and other activities carried out by companies
Hernández Celis Domingo (2007) in the teaching research work called: "Financial Audit of Non-Governmental Development Organizations for the effectiveness of International Technical Cooperation", presented at the National University Federico Villarreal, concludes that financial audit is a tool that when evaluating financial and economic information, it establishes that it complies or does not comply with generally accepted accounting principles (International Accounting Standards), that is, if the information on the sources of financing, investments, income, costs, expenses and The results are adequately presented and therefore can facilitate decision-making that facilitates the achievement of the goals, objectives and mission of the Non-Governmental Development Organizations.
Flores González Julián (2007), in the teaching research work called: "Accounting and financial auditing, tools for the effectiveness of business management", presented at the National University of Callao; concludes that accounting is the tool that values, records and presents information; instead the financial audit examines the information presented by the accounting to determine the degree of reasonableness; Then, both are tools that can facilitate the achievement of the goals, objectives and mission of companies in general, since the information they contain can be used in the formulation of new plans, in financing and investment decisions, profitability and risks; and also as a means of business control.
Andrade García Enrique Marcos (2005) in the monograph entitled: "The new role of the financial auditor in service companies", presented at the University of Buenos Aires - Argentina; concludes that in recent times the role of the financial auditor has changed, moving from the traditional focus of control to the focus of facilitating the comprehensive management of service companies, by delivering well-documented recommendations on planning, organization, management, coordination And control. In other words, while examining the degree of reasonableness of accounting information, it also provides information for management in the so-called Internal Control Recommendations Letter.
Vargas Buendía Raúl (2006) in the monograph entitled: "Financial audit: a tool to combat corruption", presented at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Vargas concludes that although the financial audit is not intended to identify acts of corruption, but the reasonableness of the accounting information; however, when there are indications of acts contrary to the norms, the work plan, programs, procedures and techniques will be modified to demonstrate these acts, analyze them and communicate them in a timely manner to those responsible for managing the corresponding entities. It is also indicated that the financial audit prevents acts of corruption through the recommendations provided in the Letter of recommendations for internal control.
DELIMITATION OF THE INVESTIGATION
Financial auditing can be applied in all types of companies; However, for the purposes of a research work, this application must be delimited so that it can be carried out in the best conditions:
SPACE DELIMITATION
This work will be carried out in the urban passenger transport companies of Metropolitan Lima.
TEMPORARY DELIMITATION
This will be topical research. However, the financial information for the years 2007 and 2008 will be available.
SOCIAL DELIMITATION
To carry out this work, there will be the support of partners, shareholders, directors, managers, officials, auditors and workers of the urban transport companies of Metropolitan Lima.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM SITUATION
The research problem manifests itself in the lack of optimization of the management of urban passenger transport companies, that is, lack of efficiency (productivity), economy (benefit / cost ratio) and effectiveness (achievement of goals and objectives).
The causes of the problem are detailed below: From the information collected from the company Orión SA (Route: Chorrillos-Comas), Los Chinos SA (Villa El Salvador- Los Olivos) and Chama SA (Villa María del Triunfo- Callao) It has been determined: i) Poor planning, since these entities only work for the short term and in good account for the day to day; ii) Lack of adequate structural and functional organization, which causes problems with drivers, debt collectors, supervisors; iii) Poor business management because adequate information is not available for decision-making; iv) Lack of coordination between agencies and people; and, v) Poor corporate control, deficient due to the lack of financial evaluations (financial audit) and internal control (financial audit).
These companies, by not carrying out periodic reviews of their resources and activities, do not have information on the situation of their assets and rights (assets), debts and obligations (liabilities and equity); sales and income; costs and expenses; operation, investment and financing activities; of the internal control system they have, etc.
The managers of urban transport companies indicated that their companies do have financial and economic information on their activities, but without using an instrument that gives them the degree of reasonableness that such information needs to make it more reliable by different users such as shareholders, workers, clients, suppliers, creditors, supervisory and control entities. The information they have been formulating and using is only used for internal purposes because it does not have the guarantee of being reasonably formulated, which is obtained through the evaluation instrument called financial audit.
The board of directors of the urban transport companies, noted that they do not have information about the internal control system and therefore the normative documents that they have, taking care of their assets, resources, processes and work procedures; because they do not use the instrument that allows them to evaluate and obtain the conclusions and recommendations to facilitate the optimization of business management.
In summary, the current diagnosis of these companies is deficient and not at all favorable due to the lack of instruments that provide information on financial information, but also on the business management process and also propose improvements.
The effects caused by the described problem, manifests itself as follows:
- Poor services for the population Lack of confidence of the population in these companies Transit accidents Permanent sanctions to the transport units Lack of an environment of continuous improvement that allows to hope for a better situation for these companies Lack of competitiveness of the companies and therefore the loss of opportunities to grow Lack of positive indicators of liquidity, management, solvency and profitability Etc
In the context of the medium and long-term forecast, if this situation continues, no favorable situation for urban passenger transport companies is expected, if not the opposite, which is inconsistent with expectations for growth and development. of the sector especially now with the increase of the population and the lack of resources of the people to have their own vehicle. In this way, the great impact of not having instruments that facilitate the optimization of these companies can be seen.
The proposal to overcome this situation is given by the following:
- The General Shareholders 'Meeting or other similar body as appropriate, should provide for the execution of a financial audit, which assesses the financial and operational situation of urban transport companies.The General Shareholders' Meeting should use the recommendations of the financial audit to define policies, strategies and make the most pertinent decisions on the identified problem. Management should provide all the information and facilities necessary for the execution of the financial audit. Management should implement the policy, strategies and execute the most pertinent decisions based on to financial audit recommendations. Financial auditors,They should follow up on the recommendations. The company personnel will execute the provisions of the company directors and managers and will undertake an efficient, economic and effective work.
PROBLEM SPECIFICATION
MAIN PROBLEM:
How can Financial Audit contribute to the optimization of the management of urban transport companies in Metropolitan Lima?
SPECIFIC PROBLEMS:
- How can financial audit contribute to the effectiveness of business management? How can financial audit recommendations facilitate the improvement of business management?
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
THEORIES ON URBAN TRANSPORT COMPANIES
Interpreting Terry (1995), an urban transport services company, is the exercise of a planned economic activity, with the purpose or objective of intermediating in the services market, and with an organized economic unit in which it carries out its activity. the entrepreneurs by themselves or through their representatives .The company is the institution or economic agent that makes the decisions on the use of factors of production to obtain the goods and services offered in the market. In order to carry out its activity, the company needs to have a technology that specifies what type of productive factors it needs and how they are combined. Likewise, you must adopt an organization and legal form that allows you to make contracts, obtain financial resources, if you do not have them, and exercise your rights over the goods that you produce. The company is the universally used instrument to produce and place most of the existing goods and services in the economy in the hands of the public. To try to achieve its objectives, the company obtains from the environment the factors it uses in production, such as raw materials,machinery and equipment, labor, capital, etc… Given a priority objective or objectives, it is necessary to define the way to achieve them and adapt the available means to the desired result. Every company encompasses a wide range of people and interests linked to each other through contractual relationships that reflect a promise of collaboration. From this perspective, the figure of the entrepreneur appears as a basic piece, since it is the conciliatory element of the different interests. The entrepreneur is the person who contributes capital and performs at the same time the functions of management: organizing, planning and controlling. In many cases the origin of the company is in an innovative idea about the processes and products, so that the entrepreneur acts as a disseminating agent of economic development.In this case, the entrepreneur-administrator, the entrepreneur who assumes the risk and the innovative entrepreneur are united in a single figure. This situation is characteristic of family businesses and, in general, of small businesses. On the other hand, and as large companies emerge, there is a separation between the classic functions of the entrepreneur. On the one hand, there is the figure of the investor, who assumes the risks linked to promotion and innovation through the contribution of capital. On the other hand, the role of the professional manager, specialized in business management and administration, is consolidated. In this way, there is a clear separation between ownership and the effective management of the company.The current entrepreneur is an individual or collegiate body that makes the appropriate decisions to achieve certain objectives present in companies and the surrounding circumstances. The individual or collegiate entrepreneur is the one who coordinates the internal fabric of the company with its economic and social environment.
Analyzing Benito (2006), the company is a value-added generating system that fundamentally issues invoices to its clients and pays invoices to its suppliers. The difference between the two is the added value generated and with it workers and capital are remunerated. He also says that the company is a huge and complex universe, making it very often difficult to determine the effect of a given decision. For this reason, it is necessary to articulate a system of references closer to the nature of each of the decisions. Thus, an endless number of "interposed references" arise, which make up the internal accounting and which allow a quantification, with speed and discretion, of the impact that any decision to be made in the field of business management will have on them.The company is the economic unit of production in charge of combining the factors or productive resources, labor, capital and natural resources, to produce goods and services that are later sold in the market. There are three fundamental forms of business organization: individual ownership, the partnership, and the corporation. An individually owned company is one that is owned by an individual, who logically has full right to receive the benefits generated by the business and is fully responsible for the losses incurred. Individual ownership is the simplest way to establish a business. Although individual ownership is simple and flexible, it has serious drawbacks, as a person's financial and work capacity is limited.A collective property company is one whose owners are a small number of people who jointly participate in the benefits. The theories of the organization are based on analysis of the behavior of the different individuals and groups that make up the company. In the large company there is a dissociation between ownership - in the hands of the shareholders - and those who effectively control the management team. In addition, the management team often delegates the management of some of the company's activities to units with autonomous decision-making power, such as divisions. The behavior of the company becomes the result of the forecasts of groups with executive power and different objectives. Under this model, the company does not respond to a single criterion,rather, this will be the result of a negotiation process developed within the company. The company creates control and incentive mechanisms for managers with managerial autonomy that reduces losses due to behavior unconscious with their objectives. Among the elements that contribute to exercising control are: Control of results and internal audit, that is, the periodic investigation of the activities carried out by the company or its divisions with the aim of identifying deviations from the behavior considered optimal and, where appropriate, penalize them; The use of incentive systems, monetary or otherwise, that stimulate the achievement of the overall objectives of the company; Competition within the company by comparing the results of the different divisions;The use of information that, in private companies, is provided by the capital market through the listing of shares. In any case, it is interesting to study how the decision-making process develops in this type of model. The upper management or direction decides the distribution of resources among the different departments and this is carried out by the budget. When deciding, when a problem is detected is when some alternatives are analyzed. Detailed cost-benefit studies or marginal rules are not usually carried out, but two simple criteria are established: the financial or budgetary criterion, which tells us if funds are available for the proposal, and the criterion for improving the starting situation without any doubt.Simple and almost mechanical rules are followed, based on experience. Staff learn from their mistakes and past successes. The company only deals with a short-term time horizon. Faced with the uncertainty posed by the actions of its competitors, it is assumed that some kind of tacit solution will be reached. This is what is called a negotiated environment.
Analyzing Johnson & Scholes, Kevan .(1999) in a corporation, the capital is divided into small aliquots called shares, which facilitates the gathering of large capitals. Each shareholder partner has limited liability, specifically, he is only responsible for the capital he has contributed, but is not responsible for the company's social debts. In these companies there is a clear separation between ownership, which belongs to the shareholders, and management, which is held by the Board of Directors, which usually hires specialized technicians in the various areas of the company. The corporation does not pose problems of continuity. Being legally a "legal person" when one of its shareholders dies, the company survives, as the shares are transferred to their heirs without causing any disturbance. Likewise,if one of the shareholders decides to go out of business, he only has to sell his shares and there is no need to reorganize the company. The production function is the relationship that exists between the product obtained and the combination of factors that are used to obtain it. The production function tells us that the quantity of product that a company can obtain is a function of the quantities of factors used; Let's say capital (K), labor (L), land (T) and entrepreneurship (H), so: Profits are defined as the difference between income and costs. Income is the amounts that the company obtains from the sale of its goods or services during a certain period. The costs are the expenses linked to the production of the goods or services sold during the period considered.A first explanation of why companies really want to achieve this goal would be that competition forces them to behave trying to minimize costs, which implies maximizing the difference between income and costs. Given a fixed number of factors, the amount of product that can be obtained depends on the state of technology. The relationship between the quantity of productive factors required: labor (L), capital (K), land and natural resources (T) and entrepreneurship (H) and the quantity of product (Q) that can be obtained is called the production function. Analytically: There are thousands of different production functions in the Spanish economy. At least one for each company and product. The production function and the short term: Many of the factors used in production are capital goods,such as machinery, buildings, etc. The short term is a period of time during which some of the factors cannot change, which are called fixed factors. The company can adjust the variable factors, even in the short term. To facilitate the analysis, we consider that we are studying the evolution of wheat production of an agricultural company and that only variations in the amounts of work used can occur, while other productive factors remain constant.To facilitate the analysis, we consider that we are studying the evolution of wheat production of an agricultural company and that only variations in the amounts of work used can occur, while other productive factors remain constant.To facilitate the analysis, we consider that we are studying the evolution of wheat production of an agricultural company and that only variations in the amounts of work used can occur, while other productive factors remain constant.
FINANCIAL AUDIT THEORIES
Interpreting the COSO Report, it is determined that the study and evaluation of a company's internal control system is the starting point to carry out a financial audit, because through it the auditor will obtain information on the line of business, process, activities, procedures and all aspects of the entity to be audited. Internal control is a process carried out by the administration of the urban transport companies of Metropolitan Lima and the rest of the staff, designed in order to provide a reasonable degree of security in terms of achieving the effectiveness and efficiency of operations, reliability of financial information and compliance with regulations. The COSO report establishes the components of internal control: Control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication; and,supervision.
According to the CGR's MAGU (1998), the COSO Report provides a common structure approach to understand internal control, which can help any entity achieve achievements in its performance and in its economy, prevent loss of resources, ensure the preparation of reliable financial audit reports, as well as compliance with laws and regulations, both in private and public entities. The concept of internal control is divided into five components: 1) control environment, 2) risk assessment, 3) control activities, 4) information and communication; and, 5) supervision. These components are integrated into the management process and operate at different levels of effectiveness and efficiency, which allow managers to rank at the level of control system evaluators.while the managers who are the true executives, position themselves as the owners of the internal control system, in order to strengthen it and direct efforts towards the fulfillment of its objectives.
According to the CGR's MAGU (1998), the objective of the audit of an entity's financial statements is to determine if its financial statements reasonably present its financial situation, the results of its operations and cash flows, in accordance with the principles of accounting generally accepted. The auditor's opinion strengthens credibility in the financial statements; however, users of such statements cannot assume that the auditor's opinion represents assurance about the entity's future viability, as well as regarding the efficiency or effectiveness with which management conducts its activities. The auditor must perform his examination in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards - NAGA's,the government auditing standards-NAGU issued by the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic, the international auditing standards-NIA's published by the International Federation of Accountants-IFAC and the professional pronouncements in force in Peru. The financial statements are the responsibility of the administration. This responsibility includes maintaining accounting records and adequate internal controls, choosing and applying appropriate accounting policies, developing accounting estimates, and protecting the entity's assets. The auditor's responsibility is to provide reasonable assurance that the financial statements have been adequately presented in all material respects and to report on them.The financial statements provide information about the entity's financial situation and results of operations. The data reported in such states are representations of the administration, explicitly or implicitly. These are known as statements on the financial statements, which can be categorized as follows: i) integrity: there are no unregistered assets, liabilities or transactions that require recognition in the financial statements; ii) Existence or validity: the indicated asset or liability exists at a given date; iii) Accuracy: the details of the assets, liabilities and transactions have been properly registered and processed and were correctly issued in reports, regarding part, date, description, quantity and price; iv) valuation:assets and liabilities have been recorded at an appropriate carrying amount.; v) ownership: the entity has ownership rights, relative to the assets disclosed in the financial statements and the liabilities adequately represent the entity's obligations; vi) presentation and disclosure: the information is disclosed, classified and described in accordance with accounting policies and the corresponding legal framework, as applicable. The audit performed in accordance with the aforementioned regulatory framework is designed to provide reasonable assurance that the financial statements taken as a whole are free from material distortions. The concept of reasonable certainty is generally associated with the accumulation of audit evidence to the necessary degree,for the auditor to conclude that there are no material distortions in the financial statements taken together. All audits are planned and conducted with an attitude of professional skepticism. This means that the auditor does not assume that management is dishonest, nor does it imply unquestionable honesty. The need to make an objective evaluation of the conditions observed by the auditor and of the evidence obtained to form an opinion is recognized, as to whether the financial statements lack errors or irregularities of relative importance. The balances of the accounts shown in the financial statements represent the net result of the accounting entries prepared to record the transactions and other events that require recognition during a certain period. Thus,in addition to the transaction record, the entries record accounting estimates and transfers that have common characteristics. Routine transactions are those made by the entity on a daily basis such as purchases, payments or cash income, as appropriate. These by their nature are numerous, recurring, can be objectively measured, and are similarly processed each time they occur. In general, the registration, processing and information in the entity of such transactions is automated and requires little or no manual intervention.cash payments or income, as the case may be. These by their nature are numerous, recurring, can be objectively measured, and are similarly processed each time they occur. In general, the registration, processing and information in the entity of such transactions is automated and requires little or no manual intervention.cash payments or income, as the case may be. These by their nature are numerous, recurring, can be objectively measured, and are similarly processed each time they occur. In general, the registration, processing and information in the entity of such transactions is automated and requires little or no manual intervention.
According to Panéz Meza (1986), in the beginning, the concept of auditing was limited to considering it as a technique for verifying accounting records with supporting documentation, correcting recorded operations, and correcting arithmetic operations. This concept of passive action method continued for a long time and still exists in the sense of that remote object, that is, of observing the veracity and accuracy of the records. The author continues indicating that the audit was long conceptualized as the process of review, accounting intervention and account censoring. Thus, Holmes wrote: “The audit is the examination of the demonstrations and administrative records. The auditor observes the accuracy, integrity, and authenticity of such demonstrations, records, and documents. ”The American Institute of Public Accountants of the United States of America in one of its initial pronouncements stated: “The audit is the examination of the accounting books, vouchers and other records of a public body, corporation, firm or person, with the purpose of establish the correction or incorrectness of the examined records and, at the same time operating on the reviewed documents, consciously in the form of a certificate ”. The Terminology Committee of the American Institute of Public Accountants (AICP) stated: "The objective of a normal examination of financial statements by an independent auditor is the expression of an opinion on the reasonableness with which they present the financial situation, in accordance with principles generally accepted accounting.The auditor's opinion is the means by which he expresses his opinion or, if circumstances require it, he denies it ”. The responsibility for preparing and presenting the financial statements is that of the entity's Management, and that of the auditor is to form and express an opinion on such financial statements. In this sense, the General Companies Law has established the issue of liability and specifies that the board of directors must provide shareholders and the public with the sufficient, reliable and timely information that the law determines regarding the legal, economic and financial situation of However, the audit of financial statements does not diminish the responsibilities of management. When planning and applying the audit procedures, as well as evaluating and reporting the results,The auditor should consider the risk of material distortions in the financial statements, caused by fraud and error. According to the ISAs, the responsibility for the prevention and detection of fraud and error rests with Management, who must implement and maintain accounting systems and internal controls that are appropriate and permanently operational. Such systems reduce but do not eliminate the possibility of fraud and error. As for the auditor's responsibility, it is not and cannot be responsible for the prevention of fraud and error. However, the fact that an annual audit is carried out can serve to counteract fraud and errors.The responsibility for the prevention and detection of fraud and error rests with Management, who must implement and maintain accounting systems and internal controls that are appropriate and permanently operational. Such systems reduce but do not eliminate the possibility of fraud and error. As for the auditor's responsibility, it is not and cannot be responsible for the prevention of fraud and error. However, the fact that an annual audit is carried out can serve to counteract fraud and errors.The responsibility for the prevention and detection of fraud and error rests with Management, who must implement and maintain accounting systems and internal controls that are appropriate and permanently operational. Such systems reduce but do not eliminate the possibility of fraud and error. As for the auditor's responsibility, it is not and cannot be responsible for the prevention of fraud and error. However, the fact that an annual audit is carried out can serve to counteract fraud and errors.The fact that an annual audit is carried out can serve to counter fraud and error.The fact that an annual audit is carried out can serve to counter fraud and error.
Reading Osorio (2000), we determine that the Financial Audit or Audit of Financial Statements, is the critical examination that an Independent Public Accountant performs of the books, records, resources, obligations, assets and results of a standards-based service company, specific techniques and procedures, with the purpose of giving an opinion on the reasonableness of the financial information. Later, it indicates that the risk of errors of relative importance in routine transactions processed systematically is low, due to the fact that internal controls are effective. For this reason, the auditor should consider such a situation when designing tests related to meeting the audit objectives. Non-routine transactions are extraordinary, due to their nature or volume, orbecause its occurrence is rare; such is the case of the journal entries reflected at the end of the year. Such transactions include transactions outside the entity's routine activities and accounting entries outside the normal course of business, among others. The inherent risk associated with non-routine transactions is generally higher than with respect to audit objectives regarding routine transactions. This is explainable given that there may be a greater manual intervention in the collection and processing of information, a greater need for criteria to determine the amounts or, it is possible that complex calculations have been carried out or also, accounting principles with the same characteristic have been applied.Accounting estimates are represented by accounting entries that come from the entity, many of which have significant effects on its financial statements. They are often based on calculations that use data from the entity's information system and require appropriate judgment for their execution. For example, calculating depreciation can be done routinely; however, the determination of the useful life of the assets, the depreciation method to be used and the recovery values require the judgment of management. 13. The risk of significant errors or irregularities in relation to accounting estimates is high, because: the uncertainty regarding judgments and assumptions necessary to execute the estimates increases the inherent risk;and the subjective nature of some aspects of the estimates may make it difficult for management to establish adequate internal control. On very few occasions is it possible to obtain conclusive audit evidence showing that the audited entity's financial statements are free from material errors or irregularities. For this reason, audit risk refers to the fact that when examining part of the available information, instead of all, there is a risk that the auditor will inadvertently issue a report expressing an unqualified audit opinion on financial statements affected by a material distortion. Audit risk has three components: inherent risk, control risk, and detection risk.The inherent risk refers to the possibility that an account balance or a class of transactions have suffered distortions that may be material individually or when accumulating with other distortions of other balances or classes of transactions, due to the failure to implement the corresponding internal controls.. The inherent risk results from internal factors, pressures and external forces that affect the entity. Generally, management requires reliable financial information for the management and control of the entity. Therefore, management establishes internal controls to protect itself from data errors or irregularities that can lead to erroneous decision making and cause the loss of assets. The risk that internal control cannot prevent or detect and correct,significant errors and irregularities is called control risk. In order to achieve the audit objectives, the auditor selects the substantive procedures necessary to obtain audit evidence. The assertions in the financial statements are devoid of significant errors and irregularities. Therefore, the risk of non-detection refers to the risk that the substantive audit procedures will not detect such significant errors and irregularities.non-detection risk refers to the risk that substantive audit procedures will not detect such significant errors and irregularities.non-detection risk refers to the risk that substantive audit procedures will not detect such significant errors and irregularities.
The Ocean Group (2005), presents the concept of Arens & Loebbecke (1980), who state that auditing is the process of accumulating and evaluating evidence, carried out by an independent and competent person about the quantifiable information of a specific economic entity, with the purpose of determining and reporting on the degree of correspondence between the quantifiable information and the established criteria. The encyclopedia, he adds, that a more understandable audit concept would be to consider the audit as a systematic examination of the financial statements, records and related transactions to determine adherence to generally accepted accounting principles, management policies and requirements. established. Regarding the philosophy of the audit, Mautz and Sharif (1961),Referred by the Ocean Encyclopedia, they indicate that it has five fundamental concepts in auditing: i) Evidence, ii) Due care of the auditor, iii) Proper presentation, iv) Independence; and v) Ethical conduct. According to SAS No. 1, “the objective of an ordinary examination of the financial statements by an independent auditor is the expression of an opinion about the adequacy with which they present their financial position, the result of their operations and changes in their financial position in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles ”“The purpose of an ordinary examination of the financial statements by an independent auditor is the expression of an opinion about the adequacy with which they present their financial position, the result of their operations and changes in their financial position in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles ”“The purpose of an ordinary examination of the financial statements by an independent auditor is the expression of an opinion about the adequacy with which they present their financial position, the result of their operations and changes in their financial position in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles ”
According to Yarasca (2006), generally, the term Financial Audit is used to relate it to the examination of companies' financial statements. Therefore, the main objective of a financial audit is to examine the financial statements as a whole to express an opinion, as to whether or not they reasonably present the financial situation and results of operations, as well as cash flows, in accordance with accounting principles. generally accepted. This means that the auditor, by applying his auditing techniques, must obtain the certainty that the information contained in the accounting records and supporting documents sufficiently support the data contained in the financial statements, but it is pertinent to state that the auditor is more beyond accounting records.In practice, this is not very easy, since in the first place, the auditor is required, in addition to having the professional title of Public Accountant, to have training and capacity as an auditor, to fit within auditing standards generally accepted by the profession. and carry out its work through the different phases of the audit process (planning, field work and preparation of the report), also observing the International Standards on Auditing and the legal provisions specific to the country. Consequently, all their effort, whether evaluating internal control, examining each and every one of the accounts of the financial statements, will be with the purpose of issuing an opinion on the reliability of the financial statements, regarding the financial situation and results of operations.This opinion is expressed through a report containing the Opinion, a Letter of Internal Control with the observations (deficiencies), and with their respective recommendations to overcome them.
According to IFAC (2000), International Standards on Auditing (NIAs) must be applied in the audit of financial statements. The ISAs should also be applied, with the necessary adaptation, to the audit of other information and related services. The ISAs contain the basic principles and essential procedures, along with relative guidelines in the form of explanatory and other material. Essential principles and procedures are to be interpreted in the context of explanatory or other material that provides guidance for their application. The objective of an audit of financial statements is to enable the auditor to express an opinion on whether the financial statements are prepared, for all material matters, according to an identified financial reporting framework.Assessing what is important is a matter of professional judgment. In designing the audit plan, the auditor establishes an acceptable level of relative importance in order to quantitatively detect material misstatements. However, both the amount (quantity) and the nature (quality) of the representations must be considered. Examples of qualitative misstatements would be the inadequate and improper description of an accounting policy when a user of the financial statements is likely to be misguided by the description, and failing to disclose a violation of regulatory requirements when it is likely that consequent taxation regulatory restrictions will significantly reduce operating capacity.The auditor should consider the possibility of misstatements of relatively small amounts that, cumulatively, could have a material effect on the financial statements. For example, an error in a month-end procedure could be an indication of a material misstatement if that error were repeated every month. The auditor considers the relative importance both at the global level of the financial statement and in relation to individual account balances, types of transactions and disclosures. Relative importance may be influenced by considerations such as legal and regulatory requirements and considerations that pertain to account balances in the financial statements and their relationships with other accounts.This process can result in different levels of relative importance depending on the aspect of the financial statements that is being considered.
According to the CGR (1998), in a financial audit the auditor provides a high level of certainty (satisfaction obtained on the reliability of the assertions made by the administration that will be used by third parties), regarding the absence of significant errors in the information examined. This manifests itself positively in the opinion under the expression of reasonable certainty. The objective of the audit of an entity's financial statements is to determine if its financial statements reasonably present its financial situation, the results of its operations and cash flows, in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The auditor's opinion strengthens the credibility of the financial statements, however,Users of such statements cannot assume that the auditor's opinion represents assurance about the entity's future viability, as well as regarding the efficiency or effectiveness with which management conducts its activities. The auditor must perform his examination in accordance with the Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (NAGA), the International Standards on Auditing (NIAs), the Government Auditing Standards (NAGUs) and the professional pronouncements in force in Peru. The financial statements are the responsibility of the Administration. This responsibility includes the maintenance of adequate accounting records and internal controls, the selection and application of appropriate accounting policies, the development of accounting estimates and the protection of the entity's assets. The auditor's responsibility,is to provide reasonable assurance that the financial statements have been adequately presented in all material respects and to report on them. The financial statements provide information regarding the entity's financial situation and results of operations. The data reported in such states are representations of the administration, explicitly or implicitly. These are known as financial statement statements, which can refer to completeness, existence or validity, accuracy, valuation, ownership, presentation and disclosure.The financial statements provide information regarding the entity's financial situation and results of operations. The data reported in such states are representations of the administration, explicitly or implicitly. These are known as financial statement statements, which can refer to completeness, existence or validity, accuracy, valuation, ownership, presentation and disclosure.The financial statements provide information regarding the entity's financial situation and results of operations. The data reported in such states are representations of the administration, explicitly or implicitly. These are known as financial statement statements, which can refer to completeness, existence or validity, accuracy, valuation, ownership, presentation and disclosure.
THEORIES ABOUT BUSINESS MANAGEMENT OPTIMIZATION
Business management is the process of planning, organizing, executing and evaluating a company, which translates as a necessity for the survival and competitiveness of companies in the medium and long term. Both access to tools for business management and financial planning and accounting, among others, facilitate the decision-making process when planning, executing and seeking financing for the company. Companies must plan and closely monitor the execution of their plans. It is also necessary to distinguish the aspects that are vital for its future development and correct what goes wrong and enhance what goes well. The continuity of the company requires us to make a series of investments that we will have to face and that we will have to contemplate.The Accounting supposes the permanent study of the activity of the company, not only in the facts, but in the economic movements in which it manifests itself; its object is administrative activity, that is, management operations not considered in themselves, but in their adaptation to the achievement of the proposed purposes. Accounting considers the set of annotations and calculations that are carried out in a company in order to provide a numerical image of what actually happens in the economic and functional evolution of the company; a solid information base of the movements and economic facts for the knowledge of the Management.that is, the management operations are not considered in themselves, but rather in their adaptation to the achievement of the proposed purposes. Accounting considers the set of annotations and calculations that are carried out in a company in order to provide a numerical image of what actually happens in the economic and functional evolution of the company; a solid information base of the movements and economic facts for the knowledge of the Management.that is, the management operations are not considered in themselves, but rather in their adaptation to the achievement of the proposed purposes. Accounting considers the set of annotations and calculations that are carried out in a company in order to provide a numerical image of what actually happens in the economic and functional evolution of the company; a solid information base of the movements and economic facts for the knowledge of the Management.a solid information base of the movements and economic facts for the knowledge of the Management.a solid information base of the movements and economic facts for the knowledge of the Management.
Decisions determine economic, administrative and financial acts that are reflected in the Balance and Exploitation Accounts, which are an important instrument for Management and its staff to be able to make decisions with full knowledge of the internal operation of the company in its projection towards corporate objectives proposed for it. Records, information, calculation and permanent control, link all the decisions made in the company. Entrepreneurs must understand Accounting as a means, not an end, the end is Management.
The use of the Audit of Financial Statements allows: the owners of a business to receive, from a totally impartial person and not from the company, an opinion about the financial situation of the business; when the sale of the business is projected, the buyer and the seller will have reasonable information regarding the financial situation; provide Credit Institutions with the information necessary to grant their credits; in case of suspension of payments or bankruptcies, to know that the financial situation that is determined is reasonably correct; for the implementation of internal control and inspection systems or the improvement of those already in place; to establish cost systems that are in accordance with the needs of the company;so that losses can be determined after accidents or thefts; so that the causes of variations between the results of one exercise and another can be determined; to determine if the tax obligations to which the company is subject have been fulfilled; that responsibilities can be determined and the necessary measures be taken in the event of fraud or embezzlement of funds; to be able to determine if the efficiency of the personnel and to be able to take measures of encouragement or reprimand; in case of merger of companies, to determine the conditions under which the merger must be carried out; so that people interested in making an investment in the company have the necessary data to study the advantages and disadvantages of said operation; so that in the event of the death of a partner,their heirs can easily determine the amount of their rights and obligations in relation to the company.
Analyzing the established by Johnson & Scholes (1999), optimization is the relationship between final production and the productive factors (land, capital and labor) used in the production of goods and services. Optimization is synonymous with productivity. In a general way, optimization refers to what work generates: production for each worker, production for each hour worked, or any other type of production indicator based on the work factor. Typically, output is calculated using index numbers (related, for example, to output and hours worked), and this enables the rate at which productivity varies. A concept embedded in optimization is competitiveness, understood as the response or action capacity of a company,to face open competition between companies. In the optimization framework, Management plays a very important role. Management has to do with decision making, with the ability of an individual or an organization to maneuver to make the appropriate decisions for the proper functioning of their businesses or activities, it can also be associated with the problem of managing scarce resources, which must be used efficiently in order to achieve the proposed objectives.it can also be associated with the problem of managing scarce resources, which must be used efficiently in order to achieve the proposed objectives.it can also be associated with the problem of managing scarce resources, which must be used efficiently in order to achieve the proposed objectives.
Interpreting Porter (1996), the optimization problem tries to make an optimal decision to maximize (profit, speed, efficiency, etc.) or minimize a certain criterion. (Costs, time, risk, error, etc.). Optimization is the challenge of meeting the needs of users. For this, among other things, it is necessary to properly use the information of the company, for example the information from the financial audit. Service companies are deficient for a number of reasons: lack of trained personnel, financial problems, inadequate use of accounting and auditing information, obsolete structures and facilities, deficiencies in operation and maintenance, application of inadequate technologies, and problems related to resource management. It is here, where it is necessary,provide management optimization to make the most of the resources, functions and activities of these entities. The concept of management has basic preliminaries corresponding to the organization, which implies that it applied in a company or in a business examines some of the main objectives corresponding to it. It is important to bear in mind in this concept that no company can subsist if it does not have some type of benefit, so a certain level of competition must always be maintained with other companies that are dedicated to manufacturing and manufacturing the same products as ours.. The concept of management moves in an environment in which, generally, the available resources are scarce, and based on this,the person in charge of management must apply different formulas so that in this way they are able to persuade and constantly motivate all sources of business capital, in order to ensure that they support all the projects that the company plans to undertake. If we focus on the application of the management concept to carry out the activities of a company, it is important to highlight that in general, it usually has much more application in private property companies, which are better known as the private sector. business. In any case, we must say that companies that belong to the public sector, those that are owned by the state, also tend to have good management models, but they tend to be quite independent of what is the most technical management concept.And it is here where the biggest difference lies, since the private sector, applying the concept of management in the development of its activities obtains much more profits than a company corresponding to the public sector, which is why it is important to consider the technicality of the management concept as part of business management. In any case, it is also important to mention the logical fact that confirms that private companies have much more resources than those of the State, and one of those resources is technology, a tool that has helped broaden the concept of management in all corresponding applications.applying the concept of management in the development of its activities makes much more profit than a company in the public sector, which is why it is important to consider the technicality of the management concept as part of business management. In any case, it is also important to mention the logical fact that confirms that private companies have much more resources than those of the State, and one of those resources is technology, a tool that has helped broaden the concept of management in all corresponding applications.applying the concept of management in the development of its activities makes much more profit than a company in the public sector, which is why it is important to consider the technicality of the management concept as part of business management. In any case, it is also important to mention the logical fact that confirms that private companies have much more resources than those of the State, and one of those resources is technology, a tool that has helped broaden the concept of management in all corresponding applications.In any case, it is also important to mention the logical fact that confirms that private companies have much more resources than those of the State, and one of those resources is technology, a tool that has helped broaden the concept of management in all corresponding applications.In any case, it is also important to mention the logical fact that confirms that private companies have much more resources than those of the State, and one of those resources is technology, a tool that has helped broaden the concept of management in all corresponding applications.
Analyzing Porter (1996) We must say that the concept of management applied to business administration requires that it fulfill four fundamental functions for the performance of the company; The first of these functions is planning, which is used to combine resources in order to plan new projects that may be profitable for the company, in more specific terms we refer to planning as the global visualization of the entire company and its corresponding environment, making concrete decisions that can determine the most direct path towards the planned objectives. The second function that corresponds to fulfill the management concept is the organization where all the resources that the company has are grouped, making them work together,in order to get a better use of them and have more possibilities of obtaining results. The direction of the company based on the management concept implies a very high level of communication by the administrators with the employees, and this stems from having the objective of creating an adequate work environment and thus increasing the efficiency of Employee work increasing the profitability of the company. Control is the final function that must be fulfilled by the concept of management applied to the administration, since in this way it will be possible to quantify the progress that has been shown by the personnel employed in relation to the objectives that had been set for them from the beginning.The direction of the company based on the management concept implies a very high level of communication by the administrators with the employees, and this stems from having the objective of creating an adequate work environment and thus increasing the efficiency of Employee work increasing the profitability of the company. Control is the final function that must be fulfilled by the concept of management applied to the administration, since in this way it will be possible to quantify the progress that has been shown by the personnel employed in relation to the objectives that had been set for them from the beginning.The direction of the company based on the management concept implies a very high level of communication by the administrators with the employees, and this stems from having the objective of creating an adequate work environment and thus increasing the efficiency of Employee work increasing the profitability of the company. Control is the final function that must be fulfilled by the concept of management applied to the administration, since in this way it will be possible to quantify the progress that has been shown by the personnel employed in relation to the objectives that had been set for them from the beginning.and this is born from having the objective of creating a suitable work environment and thus increase the efficiency of the work of employees, increasing the profitability of the company. Control is the final function that must be fulfilled by the concept of management applied to the administration, since in this way it will be possible to quantify the progress that has been shown by the personnel employed in relation to the objectives that had been set for them from the beginning.and this is born from having the objective of creating a suitable work environment and thus increase the efficiency of the work of employees, increasing the profitability of the company. Control is the final function that must be fulfilled by the concept of management applied to the administration, since in this way it will be possible to quantify the progress that has been shown by the personnel employed in relation to the objectives that had been set for them from the beginning.
Taking all this into account, we can see the efficiency of carrying out business administration based on the concept of management. It provides a much higher level of organization, thus allowing the company to perform very well in its area of work. In the event that you start a new business or a company, with the aim that it reaches large corporate statutes, we recommend that the administration corresponding to your company be governed by the concept of management, and thus They will increase the levels of possible successes that can be had in the company.
Interpreting Candela (2007), for a company (understood as a system) to work in reality, it has to fulfill a series of conditions, in the first place it has to be an effective system, that is, it has to be able to achieve good results, also obtain a high percentage of correct answers, which will endow the security system; secondly, for the system to work in its real application it will be necessary for us to trust it and therefore act accordingly according to its signals, this is perhaps the most complicated point, there are currently many systems that give very good results, but sometimes it is difficult to trust them because the market influences us, the market itself is the greatest enemy we have when it comes to making profits.There are many analysts both for and against parameter optimization, I will briefly explain what is the main point of dispute in this question, analysts against optimization argue that this is not good, since it causes the function that we design fits very well to the price showing a good performance in the past, but in the future it will not give us good results because the function by itself is not valid to determine the favorable moments to buy or sell, but they are the optimization parameters that cause it to work, but only in the past. Analysts in favor of optimization argue that both values and market circumstances do not remain constant, that is, not all values behave the same way,markets do not always have the same characteristics, so the parameters of the systems are not always the same. In my opinion both are right, that is, it is true that excessive optimization, especially in systems with many parameters, is not valid to be applied in the future, as it is also true that the values do not behave homogeneously, just like the markets, therefore I think that the optimization is correct but it is necessary to carry out a series of verifications to verify the effectiveness.as it is also true that the values do not behave homogeneously like the markets, therefore I believe that the optimization is correct but it is necessary to carry out a series of verifications to verify the effectiveness.as it is also true that the values do not behave homogeneously like the markets, therefore I believe that the optimization is correct but it is necessary to carry out a series of verifications to verify the effectiveness.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:
Audit.- Examination of the accounting books, vouchers and other records of a public or private body, company institution or of any person or persons located in a trusted destination, in order to find out the correctness or incorrectness of the records and to express opinion on the documents provided, commonly in the form of certification.
Financial Audit.- The auditor must form his opinion on the financial statements of the audited unit, framing whether they are reasonably accepted and are in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Administrative Audit.- A complete and constructive examination of the organizational structure of the company, institution or government department; or any other entity and its methods of control, means of operation and employment that gives its human and material resources. "
Control.- Control is the process of evaluating and correcting the activities of subordinates to ensure that what is done is in accordance with plans.
Internal Control.- Set of coordinated measures and methods, including the organization plan, adopted within an entity to safeguard its assets, verify the accuracy and degree of reliability of its accounting data, promote efficiency in operations and encourage compliance with the policy prescribed by the administration.
Objectives.- They constitute the goals of an organization towards which the efforts of its members should be directed.
Efficacy.- An organizational structure is effective if it allows the contribution of each individual to the achievement of the company's objectives.
Efficiency.- An organizational structure is efficient if it facilitates obtaining the desired objectives with the least possible cost.
Economy.- This will allow them to arrive in a timely manner to the operations of the activity.
Financial Statements. - Ordered and systematic tables that present the economic and financial situation of a company at a determined date.
Analytical Evaluation.- It consists of determining which is the manual work rhythm and evaluating by comparison, in percentage, the current rhythm that an operator carries when carrying out a task or finished work item.
Orders. - For an order to be complete it must say: what is going to be done, who is going to do it and when, where, how and why it has to be done.
Risk.- It is what this concept reverts to insurance contains two different ideas, on the one hand risk as an insured object; and risk as a possible event, the existence of which is prevented and guaranteed in the policy.
Services.- a service is a set of activities that seek to respond to one or more customer needs. A framework is defined in which the activities will be developed with the idea of setting an expectation in the result of them. It is the equivalent of a non-material well. Presenting a service does not result in possession, and that is how a service differs from providing a physical good.
Reasonableness.- It comes from the word «reasonable» derives from the Latin «rationabilis», adjective that means arranged, just, according to reason. On the other hand, Lalande tells us that "raissonable" means that he is right; the one who thinks or acts in a way that cannot be censored, the one who shows healthy and normal judgment.
Weather. - It implies carrying out a greater number of activities or services, resulting in better care and higher organizational income.
OBJECTIVES
MAIN OBJECTIVE :
Determine the way in which the Financial Audit contributes to the optimization of the management of the urban transport companies of Metropolitan Lima
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
- Establish whether the financial audit can contribute to the effectiveness of business management Estimate how the recommendations of the financial audit facilitate the improvement of business management
HYPOTHESIS
MAIN HYPOTHESIS:
The financial audit contributes to the optimization of the management of urban transport companies in Metropolitan Lima
SECONDARY HYPOTHESES:
- Financial audit can contribute to the effectiveness of business management The recommendations of financial audit can facilitate the improvement of business management.
VARIABLES AND INDICATORS OF THE INVESTIGATION:
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
X. Financial audit
INDICATORS:
X.1. Financial audit process
X.2. Recommendations for management
DEPENDENT VARIABLE:
Y: Optimization of the management of urban transport companies
INDICATORS:
Y.1. Business management effectiveness
Y.2. Improved business management
JUSTIFICATION AND IMPORTANCE OF WORK
METHODOLOGICAL JUSTIFICATION
This work has been carried out within the framework of the scientific research process. For this purpose, firstly, the problems faced by urban transport companies regarding the lack of optimization of business management have been identified. On this basis, the financial audit has been proposed as the instrument that will provide information that will facilitate management optimization, understood as such to improve the business management process. Also within the framework of the research process, the objectives have been formulated, which are the purposes of seeking to achieve the research. The specific methodology to be used has also been identified.
THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION
The financial audit as long as it is developed based on a systemic process that allows the most pertinent recommendations to be made regarding financial, economic, and patrimonial information; as well as business planning, organization, direction, coordination and control, it will be the instrument that urban passenger transport companies in Metropolitan Lima need. Urban transport companies need reasonable information for planning their future activities, to make decisions that will have an impact in the short, medium and long term; and for the effective control of resources. Such reasonable information will only be provided when companies carry out financial audits, because these audits are intended to determine the reasonableness of the financial information,economic and patrimonial of a company. Financial auditing can effectively contribute to good business management by evaluating companies' financial statements and accounting policies; hence the importance of knowledge, understanding and correct application of the financial audit result, because they contain conclusions, that is, determinations of the way in which assets and rights, debts and obligations, sales and income are being carried out. and business costs and expenses. It is also relevant because the financial audit provides recommendations for the proper management of resources, processes, procedures and, in short, all the activities of the company.can effectively contribute to good business management by evaluating the financial statements and accounting policies of companies; hence the importance of knowledge, understanding and correct application of the financial audit result, because they contain conclusions, that is, determinations of the way in which assets and rights, debts and obligations, sales and income are being carried out. and business costs and expenses. It is also relevant because the financial audit provides recommendations for the proper management of resources, processes, procedures and, in short, all the activities of the company.can effectively contribute to good business management by evaluating the financial statements and accounting policies of companies; hence the importance of knowledge, understanding and correct application of the financial audit result, because they contain conclusions, that is, determinations of the way in which assets and rights, debts and obligations, sales and income are being carried out. and business costs and expenses. It is also relevant because the financial audit provides recommendations for the proper management of resources, processes, procedures and, in short, all the activities of the company.understanding and correct application of the result of the financial audit, because they contain conclusions, that is, determinations of the way in which assets and rights, debts and obligations, sales and income, and business costs and expenses are being carried out. It is also relevant because the financial audit provides recommendations for the proper management of resources, processes, procedures and, in short, all the activities of the company.understanding and correct application of the result of the financial audit, because they contain conclusions, that is, determinations of the way in which assets and rights, debts and obligations, sales and income, and business costs and expenses are being carried out. It is also relevant because the financial audit provides recommendations for the proper management of resources, processes, procedures and, in short, all the activities of the company.procedures and in short all the activities of the company.procedures and in short all the activities of the company.
The application of the financial audit ensures the obtaining of financial, economic and patrimonial information in accordance with the Financial Information Regulation and the Manual for the Preparation of Financial Information, which can be used by economic agents without inducing them to make wrong decisions.
Modern business management needs to be optimized to be in a context of continuous improvement and competitiveness; therefore, it needs instruments such as financial auditing to evaluate legal, administrative, financial, tax, accounting, labor and other aspects.
INVESTIGATION METHODOLOGY.
KIND OF INVESTIGATION
The investigation will be of the applied type, since all aspects are theorized, although its scope will be practical to the extent that the Financial Audit is taken into account as an instrument for optimizing the management of companies in the service sector of Metropolitan Lima.
INVESTIGATION LEVEL
The research to be carried out will be at the descriptive-explanatory-correlational level, since the process, procedures, criteria and policies of the Financial Audit will be described, and it will be explained how it becomes the instrument for optimizing the management of the companies in the services sector and its application in companies in this sector will be correlated.
INVESTIGATION METHODS
The following methods will be used in this investigation:
- Descriptive.- Because the process, procedures and report will be described, as well as the advice and follow-up of the financial audit that will be applied in the companies of the service sector as part of the optimization of management. To infer the information of the sample in the research population. Deductive.- It will be used to draw conclusions from the reading of the research background, from the authors of theories on financial auditing and business optimization, field work and other related aspects.
DESIGN OF THE INVESTIGATION
The research design will be of the non-experimental type. Through this type of design, the concrete reality in the condition of such will be presented, of the financial audit in the optimization of the management of service companies.
This research design is aimed at achieving the objectives set out in the research.
POPULATION OF THE INVESTIGATION
The research population will be made up of people who are directly or indirectly related to the urban transport companies of Metropolitan Lima.
INVESTIGATION SAMPLE:
The representative sample will be made up of 100 people related to the urban transport companies of Metropolitan Lima. To define the sample size, the probabilistic method has been used and the statistical formula for populations less than 100,000 has been applied.
Where:
| n | It is the size of the sample to be taken into account for the field work. It is the variable that you want to determine. |
|
P and q |
They represent the probability of the population to be included or not in the sample. According to the doctrine, when this probability is not known from statistical studies, it is assumed that p and q have a value of 0.5 each. |
|
Z |
Represents the standard deviation units that in the normal curve define an error probability = 0.05, which is equivalent to a 95% confidence interval in the sample estimate, therefore the Z value = 1.96 |
| N | The total population. This case 135 people considering those people who have elements to answer for the research topics to be carried out. |
| EE | Represents the standard error of the estimate, according to the doctrine, it must be 0.09 or less. In this case 0.05 (5.00%) has been taken |
Substituting:
n = (0.5 x 0.5 x (1.96) 2 x 135) / (((0.09) 2 x 134) + (0.5 x 0.5 x (1.96) 2))
n = 100
STRATIFICATION OF THE SAMPLE:
| Participants | Quantity | Percentage |
| Partners | 10 | 10.00% |
| Shareholders | 10 | 10.00% |
| Directors | 10 | 10.00% |
| Managers | 10 | 10.00% |
| Officials | twenty | 20.00% |
| Auditors | twenty | 20.00% |
| Workers | twenty | 20.00% |
| Total | 100 | 100.00% |
_______________
Terry, George R. (1995) Principles of Management. Mexico. Compañía Editorial Continental SA
Benito, Fernando (2006) What is a company today.
JOHNSON, Gerry and SCHOLES, Kevan. (1999) Strategic Management. Madrid: Prentice Hall International Ltd.
COMMITTEE OF SPONSORING ORGANIZATIONS OF THE TREADWAY COMMISSION (COSO).
Government Audit Manual of the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic. This document by extension is very useful in the private sector, as in this case in transport companies.
Government Audit Manual of the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic. This document by extension is very useful in the private sector, as in this case in transport companies.
Panéz Meza, Julio (1986) Contemporary audit. Lime. Iberoamericana de Editores SA.
Osorio Sánchez, Israel (2000) Audit 1- Fundamentals of Auditing of Financial Statements. Mexico. ECAPSA Editor
Ocean Group (2005) Audit Encyclopedia. Madrid. Editorial Ocean.
Arens, Alvin & Loebbecke (1980) Auditing: An Integrated approach. New York. Prentice Hall
Mautz, RK & Sharaf Hussein A. (1961) The Philosophy of Auditing. Chicago. Prentice Hall.
Statement On Auditing Standar (SAS) - Standardized Auditing Standards.
Yarasca Ramos, Pedro Antonio (2006) Audit: Foundations with a modern approach-Phase of the audit process with application of practical cases. Lime. Editing by the author
International Federation of Accountants - IFAC- (2000). International Auditing Standards. Lime. Edited by the Federation of Colleges of Accountants of Peru.
General Comptroller of the Republic (1998) Government Audit Manual (MAGU). Lime. Editora Peru.
cecoeco.catie.ac.cr/bancoconocimiento/H/HDE_IndiceIniciarunnegocio
www.eumed.net/libros/2006a/prd/9b.htm
www.gestiopolis.com/recursos/documentos.
Johnson, Gerry & Scholes, Kevan (1999) Strategic Management. Madrid. Prentice Hall.
Porter Michael E. (1996) Competitive Strategy. Mexico. Compañía Editorial Continental SA.
Candela Ramírez Rubén (2007) Optimization. /www.megabolsa.com/biblioteca/optimizacion
DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES
The techniques that will be used in the investigation will be the following:
- Surveys.- It will be applied to 100 people related to service companies, in order to obtain information on aspects related to the investigation. Annotations.- It will be applied to collect books, texts, magazines and other media that contain relevant information on the investigation. Analysis.- This technique will be used to analyze the standards, bibliographic information and other aspects related to the research.
DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS
The instruments that will be used in the research are questionnaires, bibliographic files and documentary analysis guides.
The questionnaires will be formulated as part of the survey and contain closed questions about the variables and indicators of the research.
Bibliographic sheets will be used to take note of books, texts, magazines and other means of information that contain data on the research to be carried out.
The documentary analysis is used to analyze the information collected and to be able to record only that is convenient to the objectives of the investigation.
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
The following techniques will be applied:
- Documentary analysis Inquiry Data reconciliation Tabulation of tables with quantities and percentages Understanding graphs
DATA PROCESSING TECHNIQUES:
The following data processing techniques will be applied:
- Sorting and classification Manual registration Computerized process with Excel
SCHEDULE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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