INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology has gone from being something revolutionary in its beginnings to something already necessary in our lives as humans, as we know nanotechnology is the use of science and technology to create things of atomic or molecular size, as a result of this Multiple products have been developed for different uses or areas, for example, in the medical area, nano robots are being sought which are capable of navigating the bloodstream and can detect harmful cells for our body and combat them as a kind of aid to white blood cells which are responsible for this function.
Likewise, in terms of technology, it seeks to be able to implant within the human brain nanoprocessors which can help increase the capabilities of the human brain, as well as allow a human to be connected to electronic devices today.
During this article we will see what its history has been, its beginnings, the benefits that it can bring as well as the conflicts that it has to come to dominate this technology since even as we know that any technology that is misused can be used with warlike terms It is necessary to say that it is a two-edged sword if it is in the wrong hands, but here in this article we will always talk about the benefits that can be had for both humans and the planet in general, since nanotechnology can reach be used for aspects such as eliminating the pollution that affects our planet so much today.
Origin of Nanotechnology.
It was in the year of 1959 when the American physicist Richard Feyman gave a speech where he spoke of a subject never before touched upon that was the manipulation of atoms, with this a new concept began to emerge which at first was taken as a joke because Back then it was seen as something impossible to do, Feynman imagined encyclopedias written on the head of a pin, he also imagined all the information in all the books in the world that man has made written in a cube of a material with measurements of two hundredths of an inch wide, something crazy for the time.
In the year 1981, Eric Drexler, an American engineer, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, an article in which he explained more fully what Freynman had said earlier in the year 1959.
It was Eric Drexler who in 1986 applied the term nanotechnology for the first time, in his book called "Engines of Creation: The Next Era of Nanotechnology" in that book detailing a nanotechnology machine which has the ability to reproduce itself.
However, the one who used the term nanotechnology for the first time was the Japanese scientist Norio Taniguchi in the year of 1974. It was he who describes it as an atom-by-atom processing, separation and manipulation of materials.
Definition of nanotechnology.
According to (RAE):
Similarly (nanotecnología.cl) defines nanotechnology as:
Likewise (Definition.de) defines it as:
Nanotechnology in our life.
When we talk about this science, it seems that we are talking about a futuristic science because it is always referred to as something to be done, such as saying that nanotechnology would produce, would allow, that is, we see it as something that has not yet been done as a science without a present and that there is still much to do, however we must know that today nanotechnology is available to everyone in many products around us.
For example, there are refrigerators that contain silver nanoparticles which help to better preserve food, non-stick pans or jugs or pans, which surely also have a particular nano silver in order to fulfill this function. Another clear example that nanotechnology is present in our lives are anti-aging or anti-wrinkle creams, which also have nanoparticles which help you carry out this activity on the skin, although it is true that they do not have the best of the fames this type of creams, it should be noted that they use this technology as the main developer of the function they are looking for, that is, skin rejuvenation.
Another way in which nanotechnology enters our lives is through the conservation of the environment, since it is necessary to know that activists or people who are interested in it, will use this technology to be able to counteract these evils, however, it is necessary Taking into account the advantages of nanotechnology as well as the risks of using it irresponsibly, any technological use can bring collateral damage, and if collateral damage is not considered, it can be much greater.
As an example I put what one of my professors in the master of administrative engineering, Dr. Fernando Aguirre y Hernández, who commented on a new form of water collection through a kind of spider web, an invention still in development, has told me. That he saw, however, that makes us think about the benefit that can only bring us, but nobody thinks about the risks that the development of an invention on a massive scale could cause. This kind of spider web could be using nanotechnology just to give an example, but imagine a spider web that covers an entire city to be able to collect water, now imagine that this city is located in a humid region in itself, this would then cause it to collect a lot of water from the environment,but the risks such as interruption of the natural cycle of water, of rain, risks that the climate itself changes completely in that region, becomes a dry, arid city.
For the simple fact of wanting to capture the water that is in the environment, which in itself is not an idea that seeks to create damage or is frowned upon, however at this point we come with this comment, the risks that the use of technology may not be measured properly and impact other aspects that we do not take into account, or have we already forgotten that due to our need for transportation (which saves time and effort in a certain way) it is producing a hole in the ozone layer due to the use of fossil fuels and the burning of carbon dioxide?
Nanotechnology enters our life in many ways, we can even live on it practically, since its study must also be a source of both income and expenses, that is, a country must be interested in training professionals in this science and therefore Both those who are interested in studying it live from it by making contributions to science on their research, knowing that there are future applications of nanotechnology and that our country invests money and resources in it is another way in which we live this science on a daily basis.
Nanotechnology and other sciences.
At the beginning it was thought that nanotechnology was going to be linked only to physics, because its pioneer Richard Feynman saw it from this point of view, reality has gone beyond what he thought and today we can see that Nanotechnology is linked to other sciences such as mathematics, chemistry, biology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Other areas for which this technology is already used are medicine, agriculture, wastewater treatment, as well as computer science.
The need for nanoscience.
According to (bnm.me.gov.ar)
Nanotechnology and medicine.
Nanotechnology has become an important part in the world of medicine and health, and one that does not seem like it, nanotechnology has long been present in this field, a clear example we have with colloidal gold, the Chinese in In 2500 BC they were looking for a way to extend life and using this material they were looking to achieve it, just as in medieval Europe, alchemists made a concoction of ground gold to eliminate and prevent arthritis pain. In the 16th century it was used to treat epilepsy and in the 19th century it was used against syphilis.
In the year 1890 the German Robert Koch, who was a bacteriologist, discovered that nanoparticle-sized gold cyanide particles inhibited the growth of the tuberculosis bacillus. From this fact it was used for the treatment against tuberculosis in the year of 1920, for this contribution and many others in the year of 1905 Koch won the Nobel Prize.
Fullers.
They were discovered in the year of 1985 by chemists Richard E. Smalley, Robert F. Cult and Harold W. Kroto. They discovered a form of carbon other than diamond and graphite, which was carbon 60, this type of carbon has the peculiarity that it has a round shape like a ball and measures approximately 0.7 nanometers.
According to (bnm.me.gov.ar) this is how it received the name of Fulleneros:
Nanomotors.
Nanomotors are nanometer-scale structures, which are capable of converting chemical energy into work or piconewton force (10 -12 Newtons, unit of force in the international system). The development of nanomotors allows a great advance within the nanotechnology branch since nanorobots can be created using nanomotors, which would be of great help, for example in the area of health or medicine, since nanorobots could be made They can navigate the bloodstream and bring a dose of medicine to the exact place desired.
In 2000, the Luncent and Bell laboratories, in joint work with the University of Oxford, created the first DNA nanomotor. This machine was built from salmon sperm and uses natural chemical reactions.
Another important event in what happens to nanomotors is for example what happened in 2003 when scientists from the University of California at Berkeley invented a nanomotor with a gold rotor on a nanotube axis which could be able to travel through of a virus, This invention could have different uses such as using it in optical circuits to redirect light or as microwave oscillators.
In the year of 2005 some Dutch scientists developed a rotary nanomotor which they called ligth-driven, it is subject to a solid structure which is a gold nanoparticle. The development of these objects has allowed 10,000 objects larger than the size of the nanomotor to be lifted.
Benefits of nanotechnology.
According to (Rivera)
Benefits in society:
- Advanced nanotechnology can solve many human problems. Computers and display devices would be incredibly cheap, accessible to all people. Many different problems are related to water. High-tech products can enable people to live with much less environmental impact. Cheap greenhouses can save water, land and food Nanotechnology makes solar energy possible Living spaces can improve a lot Computers would be cheap enough for everyone Nanotechnology can help the environment Improved medicine can be widely available Elimination of causes of distress can reduce discomfort Social. (Rivera)
Benefits in the medicinal area:
- Surgical tools and diagnosis will be more elegant and cheaper Research and diagnosis will be more efficient. Small medical devices can be implanted permanently. More medical problems can be prevented. New diseases could be stopped quickly. The treatment can be semi-automatic. Health improve and increase lifespan. MM will facilitate gene therapy. (Rivera)
Nanotechnology risks.
In the case of nanotechnology, the impact will be noticeable in a few years, with the danger that humanity may be unprepared for the risks that such an impact entails.
Impacts on society:
- Significant changes in the structure of society and the political system Personal risks of criminal or terrorist use
Environmental damage or health risks of unregulated products
- Unstable arms race Nanotechnology weapons would be extremely powerful and could lead to a dangerously unstable arms race or health risks of unregulated products The black market in nanotechnology Simple solutions will not be successful. It is unlikely to find the appropriate response to this situation without first entering a planning process (Rivera)
Impacts to health.
- In 1997 researchers at the University of Oxford and the University of Montreal published that titanium dioxide and zinc oxide used as nanoparticles in most sunscreens produce free radicals in skin cells, damaging DNA. In 2002, the Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology at Rice University, Houston, reported that nanoparticles accumulate in the organs of laboratory animals (liver and lungs). This could lead to tumors, as well as DNA damage. Nanotubes, similar to very fine needles, could get into the lungs with effects similar to those caused by asbestos. In 2003 in a study requested by the ETC Group, the toxic-pathologist Vyvyan Howard pointed out that the size of the nanoparticles, more than the material that composes them,It is a danger in itself because it exponentially enlarges its catalytic potential and the immune system does not reveal it. In 2004, Howard reported at a world conference on nanotoxicity that nanoparticles move from mother to fetus via the placenta. Carbon nanospheres dissolved in water were shown to simulate a degree
from common environmental pollution, damage the brain of fish and cause death in water fleas. (Rivera)
Conclusion.
Nanotechnology has been a great discovery by humanity, just as it was a great vision at a certain moment. Today it is a great future for the benefit of humanity. With the development of this science, like nanoscience, it It has been able to benefit the human being from different points of view, such as health, aesthetics, also with the improvement that can be made in other sectors such as the cleaning of residual guides or the development of materials that destroy pollutants in the atmosphere or the earth so to speak, all this makes this science something magnificent since just thinking that nanobots can be created that can be introduced into your body to eliminate all kinds of viruses or diseases that you may have make humanity go already thinking about aspects like eternal life even.
Not only that it is possible to think, humanity could in the future introduce into its brain nanochips or nanosensors that allow us to be connected through the mind with multiple devices and surf the net, it is something very futuristic, but it is one of the goals today. Above all, it is necessary to take into account the risks that may exist when developing nanotechnology, since the tool of one can be the weapon of another and it can be misused, even warlike, and it would definitely be a step back and a disappointment for the great minds that thought of this as a contribution for the good of humanity not to do evil.
Thesis proposal.
Analyze the positive and negative impact that the use of nanotechnology may have on humans and nature.
Overall objective.
Carry out a study on the benefits that nanotechnology attracts and also the collateral damage that could be caused to both humans and nature or life on the planet.
Thanks.
I thank my mother who is the strength to continue every day and who has made me get to where I am, my teachers who have given me their time and knowledge to continue my studies, Doctor Fernando Aguirre y Hernández since He has given us all his experience and knowledge in this matter of Fundamentals of Administrative Engineering, as well as CONACYT since he gives us his support to motivate us to get ahead in our adventure for masters.
Bibliography.
bnm.me.gov.ar. (sf). http://www.bnm.me.gov.ar. Retrieved on March 6, 2018, from
www.bnm.me.gov.ar/giga1/documentos/EL005265.pdf
Zero, G. (September 24, 2009). https://gravity-zero.org. Retrieved on March 6, 2018, from https://gravedad-cero.org:
Definition of. (sf). https://definicion.de. Retrieved on March 7, 2018, from https://definicion.de:
nanotechnology.cl. (sf). http://www.nanotecnologia.cl. Retrieved on March 7, 2018, from http://www.nanotecnologia.cl:
RAE. (sf). http://dle.rae.es. Retrieved on March 7, 2018, from http://dle.rae.es:
Rivera, MS (sf). http://www.monografias.com. Retrieved on March 8, 2018, from
www.monografias.com/trabajos87/nanotecnologia-riesgos-ybeneficios/nanotecnologia-riesgos-y-beneficios.shtml
Robert Mcginn, ST (sf). https://www.bbvaopenmind.com. Retrieved on March 6, 2018, from
www.bbvaopenmind.com/articulo/el-arte-de-lo-invisible-logros-beneficiossociales-y-desafios-de-la-nanotecnologia/?fullscreen=true
