1. Introduction
The objective of this work is to analyze the different cultural tasks that constitute the Management of the cultivation of agricultural products in the department of Tumbes between Rice, soybeans and plantains, seeking the highest profitability.
This concept is different from achieving the highest yield, since it must be recognized that to increase an additional harvest in yield, the investment may be greater than the value of the additional harvest obtained, causing loss not only in the value of the additional produced, but affecting the total result.
It is also different from minimizing production costs, since it can affect a better quality of the product that would allow achieving a higher sales price and higher profitability.
In this opportunity we begin the description of the cultural work with the preparation of land, to which we will gradually incorporate the other cultural work, with the inputs, machinery and equipment that can be used, with their corresponding costs depending on the size of the field.
The activities in the Management of the Cultivation of Rice, Banana and Soy in Tumbes, are the following:
1 Preparation of the ground
2 Sowing
3 Fertilization
4 Irrigation
5 Weed Control
6 Pest and Disease Control
7 harvest
2. Agricultural Products
Rice.-
This crop is being sown in two campaigns, large and small campaign.
The big campaign from January to July and the girl from July to December.
The farmer prefers to plant rice because it is a transitory crop and the return on investment is immediate (6 months.
Likewise, this crop is included within the revolving credit programs of the Regional Directorate of Agriculture of the Puyango Tumbes project, and banking institutions.
The seed used for planting rice is 80% certified and 20% selected in the field.
Soy.-
It is a crop that in the province of Tumbes has a good productive yield, but due to market problems, very little is sown.
There are currently projects to industrialize this product, as its nutritional and protein levels are excellent.
Soybean production cost is low compared to rice.
Banana.-
This crop is sensitive to the existence of humidity and is therefore highly affected in times of floods and rainfall.
The plantain planted area in the department of Tumbes is very small compared to the Oro province (Ecuador), which has an average of 42,000 hectares. sowing, which allows you to export part of your production.
In the department of Tumbes there is an average of 2000 Has. Sown with this crop, but with poor technical management.
Marketing system and price
The commercialization is carried out in a greater proportion through the offer of the farmer, the intermediaries and in a smaller proportion, directly to the local or border market according to the consumption needs.
Farm Prices
|
Product |
S / kg. |
|
Husked rice |
0.62 |
|
Banana |
0.49 |
|
Soy |
0.90 |
Consumer Market Prices
|
Product |
S / KG. |
|
Running rice |
1.30 |
|
Banana |
0.50 |
|
Soy |
1.57 |
Input Prices
|
Product |
Price |
|
Urea |
37 |
|
Ammonium sulphate |
30 |
|
Super phosphate |
55 |
|
Triple calcium |
55 |
3. Agricultural Activities
Site preparation:
The preparation of the land in the cultivation of rice, soybeans and bananas influences the yields directly and indirectly because:
Avoid weed competition, - It favors the availability of nutrients in the soil, - It improves the physical conformation or structure of the soil and eliminates hard pam from the subsoil, and
- Improves the distribution of water, reducing the volume of water applied. The efficiency of
Preparation of the terrain and the choice of agricultural machinery and implements is a function of:
- The size of the irrigation pools, - The humidity conditions of the terrain: dry, humid or beaten,
- Previously installed crops, - soil type and
- The sowing method to be performed.
Sowing:
Seeding can be done by broadcast, by hand, with a machine. The sowing is done by campaigns.
The amount of seed used should give rise to a certain number of stems / m2, after the tillering, which is the optimum productive for each variety, and which produce ears that ripen as uniformly as possible in the case of rice. For planting the plantain it is done by suckers and soybeans by seed.
Cultural tasks:
Once the crop is implanted, the tasks to be carried out are related to irrigation and the application of herbicides and pesticides, where appropriate.
In irrigation, care must be taken to ensure that the water level is at the proper height in relation to the development of the plant in the case of rice and soybeans. In the first days, the level must be high, to protect the seedling from the cold, hinder the development of weeds, prevent the surface movement of water by the wind from plucking the young seedlings, not yet rooted, and if certain herbicides are used, preventing their degradation.
The cost of wages in the province of Tumbes is quoted between 15 and 20 soles to carry out tasks in rice cultivation (chemical control, harvest and post-harvest)
In the plantain the wage fluctuates between 12 and 15 soles, in the Zarumilla sector 10 and 15 soles, as for the blind rice the cost is 13 fanega and in hospital pampas and the surroundings it is 10 and 15 soles for work of sowing, fertilization and harvest without considering food.
Harvest:
Harvesting is the final stage of all cultivation, be it rice, plantains, soybeans, etc. in the field, it basically consists of harvesting the mature grains contained in the panicles of the plants and is done when the plant has reached its physiological maturity.
Its delay results in losses due to:
- Consumption of rodents, birds and insects, - Broken grains at the time of the shelling and, - The acame (lying on the floor).
Harvest methods.-
The harvest can be done by applying two methods:
Manual Harvest
In many agrarian units, mainly in those whose extension is less than one hectare, the harvest is done manually, mostly this type occurs in the soybean and banana harvest.
Mechanized Harvest
In machinery harvesting, you can use a thresher or combine harvester that performs mowing, threshing and grain cleaning at the same time. The harvest of rice does not differ in principle from the harvest of other grains.
Farm Equipment.-
The Regional Directorate service costs are:
TRACTOR S / 45 / hour (PLOW AND TILLER)
TRACTOR MF S / 70 / hour
COMBINES S / 70 / hour
The private company offers its machinery services is between:
DOUBLE TRACTION TRACTOR S / 60 / hour
COMECHADORA S / 300 LA HECTÁREA
As for animal traction, it is used for sowing and hilling vegetable crops, soybeans and yellow corn, it is offered at a cost of S / 40 soles per day.
Transport cost
|
Business |
S / ton |
||||
|
Transportes tumbes |
100 |
||||
|
Mys machinery transport |
100 |
||||
| Banana production costs | |||||
| Culture | BANANA | ||||
| performance | 24 LM / HA. / YEAR | ||||
| Exercise | Unit Measure | QUANTITY | COST. UNIT. | Total cost | |
| Site preparation | Wage |
32 |
fifteen |
480 |
|
| Hour / machine |
10 |
60 |
600 |
||
| Sowing | Wage |
27 |
fifteen |
405 |
|
| Cultural tasks | Wage |
74 |
fifteen |
1110 |
|
| Supplies | |||||
| Seed | Young |
1800 |
0.5 |
900 |
|
| Fertilizers | |||||
| Urea | Bags / 50kg |
8 |
35 |
280 |
|
| Super Calcium Triple Phosphate | Bags / 50kg |
3 |
62 |
186 |
|
| Potassium chloride | Bags / 50kg |
two |
65 |
130 |
|
| Pesticides | Kilos |
7 |
fifteen |
105 |
|
| Water | M3 |
21000 |
0.01 |
157.5 |
|
| Props | Unit |
220 |
two |
440 |
|
| Tools | Unit |
4 |
18 |
72 |
|
| Harvest | Wage |
36 |
fifteen |
540 |
|
| Indirect costs | |||||
| Technical assistance |
206.45 |
206.45 |
|||
| Financial expenses |
123.87 |
123.87 |
|||
| TOTAL |
5735.82 |
||||
| Soybean Production Cost | |||||
| CULTURE | SOY | ||||
| PERFORMANCE | 2000 Kg./Ha. | ||||
| Exercise | Uni. Measure | Quantity | Cost. Unit. | Cos. Total | |
| Direct cost | |||||
| SUPPLIES | |||||
| seed | Kgs. |
60 |
4 |
240 |
|
| fertilizers | |||||
| feline fertilizer 20-20-20 | kg / Lt |
two |
twenty |
40 |
|
| Feliar fertilizer 10-55-10 | kg / Lt |
one |
22 |
22 |
|
| biostimulant | Lts |
0.3 |
170 |
51 |
|
| agrochemicals | |||||
| insecticides | Lts |
1.5 |
35 |
52.5 |
|
| fungicides | kg / Lt |
two |
80 |
160 |
|
| irrigation water | M3 |
4000 |
0.01 |
30 |
|
| packaging | sacks |
40 |
one |
40 |
|
| Maqui. And / or trac. Animal | |||||
| 1st step pass | Hrs. |
two |
60 |
120 |
|
| 2nd step pass | Hrs. |
1.5 |
60 |
90 |
|
| planting on horseback | He has. |
one |
100 |
100 |
|
| transportation or freight | |||||
| supplies | Kgs. |
2.5 |
0.04 |
0.1 |
|
| harvest | Kgs. |
2000 |
0.04 |
80 |
|
| workforce | |||||
| Prepare. Ground | wage |
7 |
fifteen |
105 |
|
| cultural tasks | wage |
12 |
fifteen |
180 |
|
| harvest | wage |
twenty |
fifteen |
300 |
|
| INDIRECT COSTS | |||||
| TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE |
75.6 |
75.6 |
|||
| OPERATING EXPENSES |
43.44 |
43.44 |
|||
| TOTAL |
1729.64 |
||||
| Production cost per hectare | |||||
| CULTURE | : | RICE | |||
| EXCHANGE RATE | : |
3.52 |
|||
| PERFORMANCE | : | 7000 KGS / Ha. | |||
| EXERCISE | Uni. Measure | Quantity | Unit cost | Total cost | |
| Direct Costs | |||||
| supplies: | |||||
| certified seed | Kgs. |
100 |
3 |
300 |
|
| fertilizers: | |||||
| urea | Sacks / 50 Kg. |
8 |
35 |
280 |
|
| super triple | Sacks / 50 Kg. |
two |
62 |
124 |
|
| potassium sulfate | Sacks / 50 Kg. |
two |
80 |
160 |
|
| herbicides | global |
232.6 |
232.6 |
||
| insecticides | Lt |
one |
67.96 |
67.96 |
|
| fungicide | Lt |
one |
67.96 |
67.96 |
|
| Water | M3 |
18000 |
0.01 |
135 |
|
| machinery: | |||||
| gradeo | Hours |
4 |
60 |
240 |
|
| mud | Hours |
two |
60 |
120 |
|
| combine harvester | Hours |
one |
350 |
350 |
|
| transportation or freight | |||||
| supplies | Kgs. |
702 |
0.04 |
28.08 |
|
| harvest | Kgs. |
2000 |
0.04 |
280 |
|
| workforce | |||||
| prep. of the land | wage |
16 |
fifteen |
240 |
|
| seedlings | |||||
| sowing | wage |
12 |
fifteen |
180 |
|
| cultural tasks | wage |
35 |
fifteen |
525 |
|
| maintenance | |||||
| harvest | wage |
7 |
fifteen |
105 |
|
| Indirect costs | |||||
| technical assistance |
171.78 |
171.78 |
|||
| operating expenses |
103.07 |
103.07 |
|||
| TOTAL |
3710.45 |
||||
| Production costs per hectare | |||||
| Culture | : | RICE | |||
| Bell | : | 2001-I | |||
| Margin | : | Puerto el Cura | |||
| Amount | : | $ 1000 | |||
| TC | : | S / 3.5 | |||
| EXERCISE | UNIT | VAL. UNITA. | UNIT N ° | VALUE | |
| USS $ | S / | ||||
| Land preparation | |||||
| Ditch cleaning | Wage |
25 |
3 |
75 |
|
| Gradeo | Hour |
73 |
4 |
292 |
|
| Muddy | Hour |
68 |
one |
68 |
|
| Cultural Works | Wage | 1 Hectare |
87.5 |
||
| Seed | |||||
| Certified | Kilos | 4.5 |
100 |
450 |
|
| Herbicides | |||||
| PRE and Post emerging | Kilos |
80 |
280 |
||
| Fertilizers | Kilos |
twenty |
350 |
||
| Biologic control | Liters and Kilos |
140 |
|||
| Cultural Works | Wage |
fifteen |
30 |
450 |
|
| Pumping water | M3 |
630 |
|||
| Water rate | M3 |
0.0013 |
70 |
||
| Technical Assistance Priv. | % Hac |
98 |
3.50% |
98 |
|
| Harvest | Hac |
350 |
He has |
350 |
|
| Public records | Hac |
14 |
|||
| TOTAL |
1000 |
3354.5 |
Comparison of economic performance of rice cultivation
|
Economic summary of tumbes |
|||
| Kg | S / | ||
| yield Kg./Ha |
7000 |
||
| unit value per kilo |
0.7 |
||
| total value of production / Ha |
4900 |
||
| production cost / Ha |
3710.46 |
||
| Net income |
1189.54 |
|
Puerto el cura economic summary |
|||
| Kg | S / | ||
| yield Kg./Ha |
7000 |
||
| unit value per kilo |
0.62 |
||
| total value of production / Ha |
4340 |
||
| production cost / Ha |
3354.5 |
||
| Net income |
985.5 |
4. Conclusions
Banana cultivation conclusions:
The low productive yield of bananas is due to climatic factors and the presence of diseases such as sigatoca or the lack of selection of varieties of resistance and good quality, the lack of analysis of soil quality, etc.
Conclusions of soybean cultivation:
The farmer does not lean towards soybean cultivation due to the instability of the market, despite having a low cost of production.
Conclusions of rice cultivation:
The low productive yield is due to the lack of use of registered seed and of good quality mill varieties, to the scarce technical training for the farmer and to the lack of soil analysis to carry out efficient fertilization.
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