Objective information supported by truth builds popular power. CGA
1. Introduction
Latin America is advancing steadily in the integration process. As of June 5 of this year, the Peruvian people have elected a government that places it in line with this process; To consolidate it, it is imperative to democratize communications at both the regional and national levels. Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador are moving in that direction. If the states do not assume sovereignty over their natural resources and communications, the political promises on integration, economic development with social inclusion, will be, as in the past, electoral campaign rhetoric.
The democratization of communications involves the construction - at national and regional level - of a common network for Energy and Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) through smart grids. Until now, both electrical energy and information and telecommunications have gone their separate ways, a condition that speculatively increases the price of services and makes consumption more elite; situation that benefits operating companies, as they only seek the maximum income. With the integration the consumption of these services is massified at a lower price.
In order to easily define the concepts of communication, media and democratization, we resorted to the parent register of our language, the Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy - DRAE. According to the DRAE:
Communication. It is the action and effect of communicating or communicating. Treatment, correspondence between two or more people. Transmission of signals by means of a code common to the sender and receiver. Union that is established between certain things, such as seas, towns, houses or rooms, through steps, bays, stairs, tracks, channels, cables and other resources. Each of these means of union between these things. Written paper in which something is officially communicated. Written on a certain topic that the author presents to a congress or meeting of specialists for his knowledge and discussion. Figure that consists of consulting the person who speaks the opinion of the one or those to whom it is addressed, friends or opponents, manifesting himself convinced that it cannot be different from his own. Post, telegraph, telephone, etc.
Information media. Equal to half of something. It is the body intended for public information.
Democracy. It is the form of government in which political power is exercised by citizens. Country that has this form of government. Political doctrine according to which sovereignty resides in the people, who exercise power directly or through representatives. Form of society that practices the equality of individual rights, regardless of ethnic groups, sexes, religious beliefs, etc. Participation of all members of a group or association in decision-making.
Likewise, for the purposes of this monograph, we define the terms economic development, social development and social inclusion.
Social inclusion means integrating all members of society into community life, regardless of their origin, their activity, their socio-economic status or their thinking. In general, social inclusion is related to the most humble sectors, but it may also have to do with discriminated and neglected minorities.
Economic development. Transition from a specific economic level to a more advanced one, which is achieved through a process of structural transformation of the economic system in the long term, with the consequent increase in the production factors available and aimed at their best use; resulting in equitable growth between production sectors. Development implies better living standards for the population and not just a growth in the product, which is why it represents quantitative and qualitative changes. The fundamental expressions of economic development are: increased production and productivity per capita in the different economic branches, and increased real income per capita.
Social development refers to the social development of man in a society. It implies a positive evolution or change in the relationships of individuals, groups and institutions in a society. It mainly involves Economic and Human Development. His future project is Social Welfare.
Key words: social inclusion, social development, communication, democracy, media, telephony, internet, television, satellite, multimedia technology, smart grids.
2. Communications
The DRAE definition of communication integrates all aspects of man as a social being; Without it, the existence of human collectivities as we know them today would be impossible, be it as simple conversations in interpersonal relationships or as the massive forms of communication that occur with current technology: print, radio, television or highway motorways. and return in real time such as landline, mobile, satellite and cable television; in addition to the third great revolution and globalization of knowledge with the internet, in the nineties. Having reached this stage is the result of multiple methods of expression developed over centuries. Gestures, language development and the need to carry out collective actions have an important role here.
2.1. The communications revolution and the globalization of knowledge
The first revolution in knowledge is attributed to the German Johann Gutenberg (1436), with the invention of the printing press and the publishing house, which brought about the massive dissemination or first great globalization of knowledge. It played a key role in the development of the Renaissance, the reform and the scientific revolution and laid the material foundations of the economy of capitalism and the massification of teaching.
The second revolution and globalization of knowledge occurred in the 20th century with the inventions of radio and television. These inventions transformed the way of life of people, it was the first step for the era of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT).
Each advance of knowledge - similar to social changes - is preceded by a degree of technological progress and new discoveries. Gutenberg could not have shown his genius without the discoveries of paper and ink made by Marco Polo (Venetian merchant) in China and brought to Europe; radio could not exist without the studies on electromagnetic waves by the British scientist James Clerk Maxwell (mid-19th century) confirmed a few years later by the German physicist Rudolf Hertz.
Likewise, the development of the Internet is preceded by all the previous knowledge that supports it; from Persian mathematicians to JCR Licklider. The Internet, the network of networks, is made up of a large number of computers connected to each other, using special protocols to communicate.
2.2. Origins of the internet
In August 1962, JCR Licklider discussed his concept of the Galactic Network, where a globally interconnected network was conceived through which everyone could access data and programs from anywhere. In essence, the concept was very similar to today's Internet. Licklider was primarily responsible for DARPA's computer research program since October 1962. While working at DARPA he convinced his successors Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor, and MIT researcher Lawrence G. Roberts of the importance of the concept of work in net.
In July 1961 Leonard Kleinrock published from MIT the first document on packet switching theory. Kleinrock convinced Roberts of the theoretical feasibility of packet rather than circuit communications, which turned out to be a breakthrough on the road to network computing. The other fundamental step was to make the computers dialogue with each other.
In 1965 Roberts connected a TX2 computer in Massachusetts to a Q-32 in California over a low-speed switched telephone line, thus creating the first (albeit small) wide-area computer network ever built. The result of the experiment was the realization that timeshare computers could work together correctly, executing programs and retrieving data at will on the remote machine, but that the circuit-switched telephone system was totally inadequate for this task. This confirmed his Kleinrock thesis: "the need for packet switching".
In March 1972, Ray Tomlinson of BBN wrote the basic software for sending and receiving email messages, driven by the need for the ARPANET developers for a simple coordination mechanism. In July, Roberts expanded his added value by writing the first email utility to list, selectively read, store, forward, and reply to messages. Since then, the email application has become the largest network for more than a decade. It was the forerunner of the type of activity that we observe today on the World Wide Web, that is, the enormous growth of all forms of person-to-person traffic.
In October 1972, Kahn organized a large and very successful ARPANET demonstration at the International Computer Communication Conference. This was the first public demonstration of the new network technology. It was also in 1972 when the first "star" application was introduced: email.
That is, the true forerunners of the network of networks or the internet are these scientists, whose studies and development were assembled by Bill Gates from Microsoft, Steven Paul Jobs from Apple and Larry Page, Sergey Brin, Eric Schmidt from google, among others.
The speed of communications in the last 150 years, mainly from the 90's (massification of compatible personal computers), with regard to the flow of information at a distance and access to them, allows us to affirm that never before Today, the path towards the democratization of communications is a reality.
The Internet opened the doors to the dissemination of ideas, opinions, points of view and also scientific contributions outside the censorship or speculative copyright of the powers that be. Currently, people communicate, dialogue, express opinions, disagree, through text messages or using spoken language, with programs such as Skype or the social networks Twitter, Facebook, N-1, gmail, yahoo, msn and many more.. Young people and citizens are called in real time to attend various events. An example is the protests such as the outraged in Europe, the Middle East, the youth of Chile…
2.3. Internet in the people's struggle
The Internet is integrating humanity on the basis of complex world problems such as the global economic crisis of capitalism, the need to stop the indiscriminate burning of natural resources and financial speculation, to denounce economic plunder through perpetual indebtedness. All over the planet, voices in defense of life arise massively, affirming that a better world is possible, for this, true human swarms are built on social networks, which advance without deviating towards that source of syrup, a better world to live. Internet users are the multidisciplinary proletarians of cyberspace, in defense of the planet and as such in defense of the species.
In Peru, faced with the pretense of the so-called "great" media (written press, radio, open and closed-signal television) and mining corporations, bankers, Chilean businessmen, construction companies, oil companies, and Telefónica Movistar to manipulate citizens to imposing a dark-running candidacy were repelled by bloggers and social media users who daily and hour after hour stripped the lies of the media press and the humiliating ideology of the dominant power. We can affirm that for the triumph of Ollanta Humala, the work of thousands of anonymous partisan and non-partisan Internet users, believers and non-believers, from the left, humanists and progressives was important; who defending values and principles rose in defense of their dignity.
Otro ejemplo importante del poder de internet, es lo sucedido ante la criminal agresión de Israel a la Franja de Gaza en diciembre de 2008, el responsable de la defensa israelí, dijo más o menos lo siguiente: “militarmente somos superiores pero estamos perdiendo la batalla en internet”; mediante un mensaje lanzado globalmente, pidió a los internautas sumarse a la masacre del pueblo palestino de la Franja de Gaza. La respuesta de los combatientes del ciberespacio fue un contundente rechazo. Cuando el sionismo ejecutó la operación “plomo fundido” que significó la masacre de cientos de niños, mujeres y ancianos palestinos; el repudio fue mundial, es decir perdieron la guerra, pues ahora todos los reconocen como vulgares criminales del sionismo judío, usurpadores de las tierras palestinas, gendarmes del poder económico imperial-global en el medio oriente, zona sumamente rica en petróleo.
Today, citizens who surf the internet highways call and are called for political-social activities and elections; acting with complete freedom to express what they feel and expect from their elected authorities. Just as they freely choose, they also constitute true censors and critics of the elect; Those who usually offer what the majority expect in the campaign and when they exercise public office do the opposite.
3. Media
By definition, an information medium should be located in the middle, be the balance; possible only when the information is objective and true to the truth.
Currently in Latin America (except Telesur, La Radio del Sur,…,) and specifically in Peru, most media outlets defend without blush the interests of internal and external economic powers; for these media the terms sovereignty, freedom and dignity are mere references and not a responsibility. They disrupt the truth to accommodate subordinate interests, silence or highlight the news according to their interests, their comments are totally biased and manipulative; The 10 strategies of media manipulation are applied to the letter: 1. The strategy of distraction, 2. Create problems and then offer solutions, 3. The strategy of gradualness, 4. The strategy of deferring, 5. Addressing the audience as young creatures, 6. Use the emotional aspect much more than reflection, 7.Keep the public in ignorance and mediocrity, 8. Encourage the public to be complacent with mediocrity, 9. Strengthen self-blame, and 10. Know individuals better than they know themselves.
3.1. The media
They constitute it:
Printed paper, consisting of modern printing machines (from single-body, two-to-more printers to rotary presses) on a large scale, with sophisticated offset printing systems, with the use of computers for design, layout, composition, color selection, printing on paper of all types, formats, all in a single process. This is how the "big" newspapers are currently printed.
Finishes such as die-cutting, folding, stapling, and distribution packaging are currently integrated into an automation process.
Postal services. Dedicated system to transport written documents and other small packages around the world. All documents sent through the postal system are called mail or correspondence. Packages are "postal items" that can be transported by land, sea, or air; This service is subject to various rates, depending on the distance and speed of delivery. A postal system can be private or state. Currently, postal services use new technologies to deliver documents in less time; These include telegram, telex, fac-simile (fax) and email. With the massification of electronic mail, communication is in real time, the postal system has come to be called «snail mail» in Internet jargon.
The phone. Telecommunication device designed to transmit acoustic signals by electrical means at a distance.
A late recognition is worth Antonio Meucci, the true inventor of the telephone. Wikipedia illustrates this: For a long time Alexander Graham Bell was considered the inventor of the telephone, along with Elisha Gray. However Bell was not the inventor of this device, but only the first to patent it. This occurred in 1876. On June 11, 2002, the United States Congress passed resolution 269, recognizing that the inventor of the telephone had been Antonio Meucci, who called it a telephone, and not Alexander Graham Bell. In 1871 Meucci was only able, due to financial difficulties, to present a brief description of his invention, but not to formalize the patent before the United States Patent Office.
Today, the telephone is a particularly important means of communication, it shortens time and allows a more personal relationship between human beings. With the unusual technological development achieved, cell phones have appeared: a device of great importance in everyday life.
Radio. Mass media of wider reach, reaches all social classes. The importance of radio as a means of broadcasting is mainly concentrated on the nature of what it represents as a medium in itself, since it possesses an intimate quality from you to you that most other media do not have. One of the most important factors of radio is that its cost of production is less than that of the other media and can reach very remote places.
Television. Powerful mass information medium. In the hands of its current operators it does not fulfill the task of informing, its actions are rather focused on misinforming. Due to its characteristics it has an important degree of influence: for its expressiveness, for the conjunction of images and sounds that bring reality closer as no other medium does. Color television was born in the 1970s and multiplied rapidly in most homes. According to many experts, the media tell us and shape a reality, they select what integrates that reality and what should be left out, most do so based on the economic interests of their owners, who in turn are linked to global power centers..
Computers or computers. They were created with the purpose of performing repetitive functions in a very fast and precise way. The functions it executes are performed by a previously designed program. It consists of two parts: the hardware or the physical part such as the CPU, keyboard, mouse, screen, printer, webcam, scanner,…, and the logical part or software such as the operating system: AmigaOS, Amoeba, BeOS, DR-DOS, DragonFly BSD, FreeBSD, FreeDOS, GNU / Linux, GNU Hurd, MacOS, Minix, MS-DOS, NetBSD, OpenBSD, PC-DOS, Plan 9, OS / 2, QDOS, QNX, Solaris, Microsoft Windows, Unix Systems, Xenix, Symbian; being the best known and popular Windows, Linux and Unix; applications such as word processors and electronic sheets, among many others.
Undoubtedly, computers are one of the most spectacular advances in communications that has occurred in the field of computer technology. It is with this technological development that the Internet, the super information highway, arises.
Laser technology. The laser occupies an important place in the future of communications. The coherent light beams produced by lasers have a capacity to transmit simultaneous messages much higher than that of conventional telephone systems. Prototypes of laser communication networks are already operational and may in the future largely replace radio waves in telephony. Lasers are also used in space under satellite communication systems.
5. Modern information infrastructure
5.1. Conceptualization
As a consequence of the technological development achieved in these last two decades, information flows through high-speed digital networks, covering entire national territories and linking some countries with others. This is how different entities of administrations, schools, universities, libraries, hospitals, medical posts, companies, homes and people are connected, regardless of their geographical location.
In Latin America, rulers aware of the sovereign need for economic development with social inclusion of their citizens, are providing technological infrastructure to their countries to meet their social economic objectives that include quality education, modern public health and to lay the foundations for a development model that prioritizes life over income. For example, in Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, the implementation of means that guarantee the fluidity of information in real time is in progress, anticipating possible network saturations; privileging the consolidation of technological independence in information.
In this sense, Venezuela's effort with the Simón Bolívar satellite in orbit since 2008 is well-known, which has benefited from services in the areas of education, health, citizen security, communication, economic development, food, etc. Telesur and Radio del Sur stand out as an example of independent media.
The project to build and put into orbit the Bolivian Túpac Katari satellite, which will come into service in 2014, is aimed at benefiting the entire country, but fundamentally the residents of 22,000 remote regions that do not have access to communication.
5.2. Construction of information highways
It has been shown that this cannot be private property, it is essential that the State exercise sovereignty over the information highways and their control must be in charge of the users through mechanisms of citizen participation. Experience shows that public bodies called to protect users always end up in the hands of private operators who make and undo based on their rent-seeking interests of plunder. The State must legislate to prevent operators from acting with debauchery and users from controlling the actions and dissemination of the media.
A distinction must be made between sovereign action of the State and freedom of enterprise. The first is that economic development be promoted through the State through a process of structural transformation of the system, for equitable growth that allows all members of society to be integrated into the community without any discrimination for the social welfare of national majorities.. Second, the freedom of individuals to exercise business actions in non-strategic sectors must be respected, that is, in the productive and / or service sphere called to satisfy human needs; the state must reserve with an adequate regulatory framework sovereignty over strategic sectors of the economy and society such as: mining, hydrocarbons, water, energy, health, education, drugs, military industry,Amazon (in the case of the Amazon countries of the region), fishing, communications; This should not mean that the State is monopolistic in these sectors, being able to participate - if the case so warrants - in their production processes together with the communities and the private sector, under no point of view should the state lose Sovereignty over the strategic, precisely because it has abdicated from this superior prerogative, the state is not an element for the harmonious development and social welfare of its citizens.Under no point of view should the state lose sovereignty over the strategic, precisely because it has abdicated from this superior prerogative the state is not an element for the harmonious development and social welfare of its citizens.Under no point of view should the state lose sovereignty over the strategic, precisely because it has abdicated from this superior prerogative the state is not an element for the harmonious development and social welfare of its citizens.
5.3. Technological environment
The current level of technological development allows states to build their information highways with sovereignty, digitization and understanding are now available. The change to digital of television, radio broadcasting, the media, that is, of everything that includes telecommunications and computing is a great leap forward for communications. It is here when the real massification of knowledge occurs, it is here when the process of social inclusion takes place.
In the case of Peru, a single company (Telefónica Movistar, a Spanish corporation) exercises dominance in fixed and mobile telephony, cable and satellite television and the internet, improperly controls the highways of these services and as such charges their fees abusively, without any control. OSINERG the regulatory body is at your entire service.
In Latin America, regional integration is essential, to unify communication platforms and systems and break dependence on speculative and plundering monopolies such as the European and US imperialists.
Multimedia architectures integrate image and sound: television, radio and telephony, on the internet the cost of information is zero; investment for users is in hardware, the state must promote the use of free software platforms, both in operating systems (Linux) and in applications (Open Office, a package very similar to Microsoft Office); This technology breaks the eternal subjection of abusive payment to an operator, since it would be the State that assumes control of the highways through which the information flows.
Mobile communications are not alien to this whole process of technological evolution. The latest advances in GSM, DEC or HERMES technology show us that mobile communication infrastructures are also viable for the construction of a solid model of national information infrastructure.
Satellites will provide new alternatives that would help shape this new multimedia world, such as low-orbit satellite meshes.
With these new systems it is possible to imagine personal communications based on portable terminals such as videophony, video messaging, videotex, which will be a personal digital assistant with handwriting, voice recognition, simultaneous translation and compatible with compact discs.
Mobile communications will also contribute, from their different approaches and possibilities, to the construction and evolution of the national information infrastructure.
In the Peruvian case, it is essential to acquire your own satellite, with technology transfer (similar to that of Venezuela). Currently the State pays huge annual amounts to Telefónica Movistar for the use of its services.
5.4. Intelligent Network
Throughout the 20th century, infrastructures for telecommunications and electricity networks have been deployed separately and independently. However, at the dawn of the 21st century, technological progress will allow the possibility of building a common network for Energy and Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Assuming a radical change in the way in which energy and information are generated, distributed and consumed. As a consequence of all this, a network will be necessary that integrates into a single shared physical infrastructure (towers, poles, pipes, conduits, etc.), with copper cables for electrical energy and optical fibers for telecommunications. Information and communication systems need electricity,and the energy network of the future needs information and communication technologies. A network that meets these characteristics is defined as an intelligent network.
Smart grids (Smart grid em inglês) is a form of electrical grid that uses digital technology. A network with these features provides electricity from distributors to consumers using directional digital communications to control electrical devices in consumer residences; thus allowing to save energy, reduce costs and increase reliability. The smart grid is expected to overlap the conventional grid with an information and measurement system.
Smart grids will play a critical role in meeting growing energy demand and facilitating the deployment of broadband worldwide.
Shared electricity and telecommunications infrastructure. The convergence of infrastructures will play a key role in offering a real solution to the growing demand for energy, improving efficiency in its use and distributed generation. Telecommunications will be a service, such as electricity, water or gas, that will make possible a distributed and controlled energy system to shape the energy network of the future and ensure its operation, sharing the costs of civil works and solving the problem of the supply of electrical energy to the nodes of the network.
5.5. Forms of communication
The information highways will support all the telecommunication services that we currently use and will be the basis for new ones, such as videophony, broadband videotex, video messaging, video library, etc.
But technology, networks and even services are only instruments to build applications that meet the different needs of society and that contribute to improving the quality of life and making a fairer society.
Most of the applications will be multimedia, that is, they will use voice, text, graphics, photographs and video in the combination that is necessary for each case.
These applications may be directed to administrations, companies or households. Some will be specific to some of these segments; others, common, will involve several of them, since the administrations must attend to companies and citizens.
The types of communication are basically the same in all segments, depending on whether they involve people, machines or both.
Thus, in communication between people, the use of videotelephony in homes and that of videoteleconference and video messaging in offices can be highlighted.
Access to the information stored in machines will allow you to choose a movie, play games, make purchases or bank operations from a home.
Companies and administrations may offer information and facilitate the remote use of their services.
Communication between people, with the support of machines, will favor teleworking, tele-assistance, cooperative work, tele-education and telemedicine.
These and other innovative applications of this type will have beneficial social effects for employment, health, education, culture, transport, the integration of rural areas, retirees and the disabled.
7. Conclusion
a) The progressive governments of Latin America must implement common networks for electrical energy and information and communication technologies (ICTs).The states are the only ones that are capable of building networks that integrate these services; with infrastructure of towers, posts, pipes, conduits; with copper cables for electrical energy and optical fibers for telecommunications. Information and communication systems need electricity, and the energy network of the future needs information and communication technologies. No service from these networks will be free, the poor pay huge sums for indirect taxes such as VAT or IGV, the income tax (when consuming a good or service) that is incorporated in the price, with the aggravating circumstance that the services are of the worst quality and expensive; for the venality of corrupt State operators and officials.
b) The sovereign action of the State on the communication highways must be comprehensive, through control by use; with a regulatory infrastructure that includes: issuance of licenses / authorizations in a transparent manner, quality and action of the operators who should only dedicate themselves to the informative function, that is, they cannot also be bankers, miners, builders or other rentier commercial activities; jointly state and users must elaborate a code of ethics for the emission of the information; Users must be duly represented in the control and supervision body of the informative activity, to control the quality of the information and the price of the services.
c) Until now, what is known as the world information network, is nothing more than the imposition of rentier interest that entails depredation and plundering of the global owners of the planet. See the Heads of the World.
