Tourism economy

It is widely known that Tourism has become one of the most important economic activities in our country and especially in our region. Tourism not only impacts the economic sector itself, but also strongly influences the results of other sectors, an increase in the quality of life of our inhabitants and a maintenance of our natural attractions and its conservation as a clean and pure environment.

TOURISM AS A BUSINESS ACTIVITY

Tourism: Industrial activity (economy and production).

Tangible goods (products) and Intangibles (services).

Production of tangible goods: manufacturing process, transformation through material, technical and human means.

Production of intangible assets: execution of a series of functions or activities that result in the use of use.

Operations Administration (goods and services).

Tourism -> Business activity, from the production of services

Company: is any organization of public or private property whose primary objective is to manufacture and distribute merchandise or provide services to the community, or a part of it, by paying for them (International Labor Organization).

Tourist companies must have an organizational structure, since the existence of a human activity inherent in the needs of the individual, of recreation, complementation and rest is accepted; then it forces its formation and consolidation in an integrative way of the activities of the towns.

Manila Declaration (09/10/1980): The ultimate objective of Tourism is to improve the quality of life in accordance with the demands of human dignity.

Tourism purposes:

The full realization of the human being. The equality of peoples. The originality and the strengthening of cultures and peoples. A growing contribution to education. The liberation of man, respecting his identity and dignity.

Maslow Scale: Self-realization is presented as the final goal of human development, and a series of activities and achievements converge, needs and motivations, efforts and satisfactions, which include simple learning, job creation and task execution., human creativity, the experiential emotions of the spirit and the mind and socioeconomic well-being, all this contributes to the quality of life of the individual and of the peoples being framed within the concept of security, health, recreation, economic well-being, knowledge, use and enjoy the natural infrastructure that the universe provides us.

The knowledge and enjoyment of natural resources leads us to complement a need for fulfillment that obeys an intrinsic need of every human being to know and integrate into their environment.

Tourism is a convergent and not exclusive truth of human reality, when the full realization of the human being is proclaimed.

The United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (12/10/1948) considers free movement, free expression and free association fundamental; asserts an inescapable truth that responds to the motivations of the human being:

Knowledge of other spaces through tourism and involving a change of activities. Satisfaction of knowledge of new regions and countries. Cultural enrichment. Increase in human relations. Rupture of routine activity. Feeding of the physical and spiritual self.

With this, the individual is modeled, broadens his horizons and leads him to larger human achievements.

All human activity pursues an end; The enrichment of said activity is measured by the results consistent with that purpose. There are two types of results:

Objective result: satisfies the end of the activity, without major implications.

Projective result: they are generators of new activities, they create a multiplying effect, which is the enrichment factor of the central activity.

The enrichment of the tourist activity can be analyzed by its projective results, which at the same time generate many activities.

The central base of tourism is the human need for integration with its environment. This prompts us to shift our self out in the direction of the environment to complement and satisfy the conscious and unconscious needs of self integration.

Thus tourism becomes a pluralistic phenomenon, where:

The emotional - sentimental part of the individual. The physical attraction of the environment. The human anxiety to share emotions. The desire for vast knowledge. The use of free time and leisure.

What translates into:

An improvement in the quality of life, Greater human integration, Greater knowledge of the variety of the universe, An alternative for the technical, economic and social development of peoples.

Thus, the Philosophy of Tourism is the technical social activity that puts the individual in direct contact with his natural environment, in order to integrate him into it, to participate in its mysteries, satisfying spiritual needs for rest, enjoyment and internal rejoicing, and increasing his culture in order to further strengthen the friendly relationship between peoples, human solidarity, respect for their own customs and the desire to improve in every aspect.

TOURIST ACTIVITY

The fundamental element of tourism is to put the individual in direct contact with their natural environment. The purpose of the tourist activity is to provide the infrastructure, the means and the facilities for its fulfillment.

Primary purposes:

Satisfy the individual. Create new expectations of knowledge and interest. Improve the quality of life. Promote the integration of peoples.

Secondary purposes:

Create a solid socioeconomic structure. Contribute to the economic and cultural development of peoples.

Tourism: an essential activity in the life of nations due to its direct consequences for the social, cultural, educational and economic sectors of national societies and for their international relations (Declaration of Manila).

Tourist activity: it is the set of operations and actions carried out by service providers, in order to make the most of the material and artificial resources made available to tourists.

Tourism production and supply forces differentiated processes of goods and services, which provide an orientation according to their origin (natural or artificial resources, archeology as a historical and tourist value).

Operations and actions presuppose material activities (manufacturing, transformation, methods, etc.) and human activities (creativity, research, decision-making, control, etc.) which fall within a framework of action (economy, technology, culture, environment, etc.).

Integration, management and harmonious direction need the company or organization that has an organized structure character.

The economy teaches us how wealth passes from one place to another and how it is distributed among humans. If this did not happen, the needs could not be met, nor could the construction of tourist infrastructure, nor use free time consuming tourism services.

The economy is a medium that is at the service of the needs, desires, aspirations, ideals and political convictions of each one.

Within the framework of the company, tourism carries out, among others, the following activities:

Perishable production (food, construction, hotel infrastructure, national parks, tourist centers, etc.) Service, through facilities made available to tourists, such as:
- Accommodation services (food, hotels, restaurants, etc.). Transportation services for people (train, plane, bus, etc.). Amusement services (cinemas, sports, etc.). Cultural services (museums, theater, archeology, etc.) Complementary services (information, press, television, etc.).

All economic activity requires two factors:

Generally, the treatment given to the quantitative analysis of tourism has been limited and is limited to the application of simple statistical techniques, without any relation to each other, and with little prospect of being integrated together, which further reinforces its current and weakened competitive position.

The first step is to collect numerous consistent statistics and then propose a detailed observation of the phenomenon through the results obtained by the figures.

The Theorometric model, we will define it as: those structural relationships (model equations) that briefly represent a tourist theory. According to the action expressed by the economic variables considered (repercussions or influences), 3 theorometric models are obtained:

Explanatory or behavioral models of tourist activity. Decision models that mark choice alternatives in tourism policy. Prediction models by extrapolating the variables of influence.

The description of each and every one of these models, such as the kinds of parameters and variables to be introduced (the types of functional relationships), will require a totally specific content and approach and of excessive development typical of an econometric manual, later we will see it in various schemes:

Forecast models of physical tourist movements. Models of incidence on tourist flows received by variations in influencing factors. Models of distribution and competition in outbound markets. Models of gravitation or attraction trends. Models of simultaneous relationships

CLASSES AND APPLICATION OF THE MODELS

Lessons:
1. Explanatory of the tourist activity. Of decision, when defining different alternatives (simulation). Of prediction:
  1. Extrapolation of variables. Simulation of values.

Use of the models (examples):
1. Forecast of physical tourist movements:
  1. Travelers, departures.

Capacities.

Influence of factors on the behaviors of the variables.
1. Prices, exchange rates.

Income growth.

Forecast of economic magnitudes.
1. Consumption. Foreign exchange income.

Investment.

Other apps.
1. Distribution of departures Distribution of arrival destinations

Market competition study.

Gravitation.

Joint presentation of the structure of tourism activity.

Theorometric models are mathematical functions that interrelate dependent and independent variables (endogenous and exogenous), which must determine the value of the parameters or constants that explain the microstructures.

Endogenous variables in tourism models.

They are those influenced directly or indirectly by other variables of an economic, tourist and social nature, and which, in turn, can influence some functional relationships on other variables. For example:

Number of tourists received, according to modality, origin and destination. Foreign exchange income for foreign tourism. Average stay in the country or in the means of accommodation. Average tourist expenditure.

Exogenous variables.

They are those that influence the theoretical variables, but are not influenced by the variables of a tourist nature. For example:

* Salary income.

Random disturbances or stochastic variables.

They are those variables that qualify the theorometric models as stochastic and serve to measure the estimates and forecasts made in probability terms.

The economic activity of tourism companies manifests its tendencies when its economic magnitudes are decentralized and disjointed. It is also necessary to eliminate the random fluctuations that usually appear, either by detecting their causes and estimating their influences, or by using average values at intervals sufficient for them to cancel.

1) Exponential trends: either increasing or decreasing, they are characterized by a constant percentage variation in each year or period considered. This type of trend is observed in not very long periods.

2) Logistic trends: in long periods or when deep changes are manifested, the exponential adjustment is not valid, where normally a phase of rapid growth, another of slow growth and another of extinction appear.

Once the trends of each characteristic of the tourist company have been determined, an analysis must be carried out that determines:

Comparison of the trend of the company with that of competition in the sector and in the general economy. Trends manifested in more advanced countries in tourism, in the most developed regions at the national and international levels and at higher socio-economic levels. Balance between patrimonial tendencies, of management, exploitation and results or mismatch between them.

All planning must be defined by trend analysis, in the same way that medium-term orientation must be done according to the situation, and short-term planning and programming according to seasonality.

THE FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Business activity as an integration of functional activities cannot exist without the support of public or private financial resources.

The daily financing of any organization requires a monetary flow that facilitates its various internal and external transactions.

The availability of the money factor fosters a limitation on business dynamics, constituting a frame of reference within which functional activities operate and evolve.

The financial framework is not rigid, rather it is fluctuating, that is, it must be kept within certain limits of support capacity. The importance of the financial framework can be known through the balance of the company.

Structure of the financial framework

To visualize the structure of a financial framework, it is necessary to determine a series of steps to form it:

It is born the moment a company is created.
1. Determination of needs. Carrying out a detailed study. Determination of financing sources.
Initial expenses.
1. Fixed capital expenses.
  1. Properties, facilities, etc. Accesses, telephones, etc.

Machines and equipment.

Variable capital expenses.
1. Competent staff Raw material.

Consumer items.

Financing sources.
1. Partner funds Issuance of shares Government funds External funds (banks, finance companies, etc.)

The financial framework during the normal operation of the company

The sequence of situations that occur during the operation of a company, can be structured as follows:

Initially, there are heavy disbursements, almost without income. The period of waiting or capital recovery decreases, there is an increase in orders or demand. The first income occurs, reducing the pressure of the financial framework. In practice, there is no income, which is reason for anticipation and consideration by the company. To obtain immediate benefits, you should try to offset income plus a residual with monthly expenses.

Depreciation, Taxes, Long-term obligations, Reserves.

The Financial Framework in a situation of Imbalance

With the company operating normally and fluctuations in its activities are minimal, the possibility of financing with the company itself is not exceeded, with the difference between the financial framework and the cost of activities being minimal.

Another situation considered as in equilibrium corresponds to that of small companies that operate in the market without any competition. But, technology and communications do not allow this situation of stability and / or balance to continue. Which leads to contraction or expansion.

Changes towards expansion:

They are oriented in order to:

Conquer new markets Acquire greater participation in the sector Conquer the leadership situation

Changes towards expansion are due to situations of:

Expansion of activities. Diversification of production. Acquisition of other companies.

Changes towards contraction:

They are oriented in order to:

Counteract external phenomena. Maintain the level of prosperity achieved.

Changes towards contraction are due to situations of:

Changes in consumer habits. Economic recession. Restrictions on foreign trade. Increased competition. Technological advances. Highly efficient staff abandonment.

The environment of the organization

There are two dynamic forces that contribute to the progress of the company. These are the internal dynamic forces, made up of human and financial factors; and the external dynamic forces that alter the running of the company, retarding, accelerating and deviating the orientation of functional activities.

Economic environment.

It is linked to the political factor and can be considered two major subdivisions:

1) National economic factors: they are considered long-term in general, except for the tourism sector, where due to their recreational nature, they should be considered medium and short-term.

On a permanent level, the following are considered:

a) Economic level of the country: general economic situation of the country, its level of development, market potential for tourist orientation, cost and level of specialization of the workforce; where the economic activity influences the company in aspects such as:

i) Limiting the market potential.

ii) Limiting the volume of services offered.

iii) Limiting specialized labor due to low wages.

iv) Decreasing the service infrastructure, forcing the company to increase capital costs (roads, transportation service, energy, etc.).

b) Regional economic level: ditto previous point, except for a smaller geographical delimitation.

c) Population growth rate:

i) The greater the population increase, but less than the economic growth, the tourist consumption market will increase.

ii) A greater increase in population, but greater than economic growth, will increase development problems and, therefore, a contraction of the tourism market.

d) Distribution of wealth: if it is concentrated in few groups, the following results are obtained:

i) Reduced consumer market, even with low prices.

ii) Restricted supply market.

iii) Double advertising effort, to unite the markets involved.

iv) The greater the inequality, the less training of skilled labor and the greater difficulty in carrying out complex jobs.

v) Less purchasing power, less consumption and, therefore, contraction in supply.

vi) A greater purchasing power, greater consumption and, therefore, an increase in supply.

e) Degree of development of the country, has an impact on the country:

i) Impact on front-line tourism infrastructure.

ii) Quantity of skilled labor.

iii) Degree of self-competition between companies, avoiding subcontracting.

f) Availability of resources, the operation of the company became more fluid and dynamic due to:

i) Immediate availability of the required resources.

ii) More stable programming, with less degree of uncertainty.

iii) Logistics and supply are almost normal.

iv) Less dependence on the foreign market.

v) Lower costs when using the country's resources.

vi) Availability of skilled labor, reducing training costs.

g) Tax level, which affects certain business situations:

i) Capital investments.

ii) Salary policies.

iii) In sales, favoring cheap products.

iv) Disheartening effect on income tax.

h) Salary level, which affects the company with respect to:

i) Its position with external markets (competition).

ii) Use of labor by teams.

iii) Final costs of the product and / or service.

On a temporary scale, there is:

a) Economic level of the country; that affects the running of the company, where the economy is exposed to changes due to:

i) Dependence on world markets.

ii) The government intervenes with countercyclical policies, increasing its expenses when the economy is in recession; deferring significant expenses in periods of inflation in order to maintain employment levels. This forces continuous planning and forecasting in the long term, in order to optimize the development of the company.

b) Balance of payments: regarding companies that import:

i) Import procedure.

ii) Increased performance of equipment purchased abroad.

iii) Difficulty with spare parts.

iv) Irregular supply of raw materials.

c) Interest rates: according to bank policy, which affects the company's performance:

i) The price to pay for the loans.

ii) High interest in favor of the lender.

2) International economic factors (international situation):

a) World economic situation: the influence depends on the degree of vulnerability of the country's tourist activity and the extent of the company's participation in the activity.

b) Activity in related countries: when there are significant changes in the levels of economic activity of the tourism-demanding countries, the company tries to change countries in search of other markets.

c) Competition from foreign companies: to be successful, the company must:

i) Offer its services as cheaply as possible.

ii) Have differentiated characteristics of their service.

iii) Competing with companies with greater experience and technology.

iv) Improve the quality of services.

v) Endeavor in the service provided.

vi) Have a broad national market.

vii) Facing foreign competition in the country itself.

d) Political environment. It can be subdivided into national and international.

i) National political factors: among the main ones we have:

(1) Ideological trends. They are generally oriented in two ways.

(a) Towards public property.

(b) Towards private property.

(2) Political stability of the country. That affects both public and private companies.

(3) Government economic policy. As an evolutionary factor and as a frame of reference for the country's economic activities, considering aspects such as:

(a) Forecast and long-term development plans.

(b) Sector policies.

(d) Industrialization policies.

(e) Balance between private and public property.

(4) Poles of development.

(5) Employment policy.

(6) Salary policy.

(7) Unionism.

(8) Public services or government social policy. With orientation towards:

(a) Public health.

(b) Housing.

ii) International political factors.

(1) Bilateral relations with other countries.

(2) Commercial or political treaties.

Technological environment.

The elements that affect the technological factor and that are properly interrelated are the following:

1) Productive sector to which the company belongs.

a) The activity of each sector involves a certain type of technique.

b) The activity and methods depend on the type of product.

c) Changes can be slow or fast, depending on the structures of the organizations and their degree of automation.

d) Research and technological innovation is given with preference in complex product companies.

e) Technological advancement is greater and faster in certain sectors.

2) Product.

a) If it is simple, it requires few qualified personnel, less production and marketing effort and simpler procedures.

b) If it is complex, it requires qualified personnel, more technicians and a great effort in the evolution of the study, design and improvement.

3) Procedures. They can be simple or complex. The technical evolution of the procedures influences the activities of the company, since:

a) It cancels methods and systems to replace them with others.

b) Improve and develop new methods.

c) It forces the rationalization of material (equipment) and human means (flexibility in the workforce).

d) Update staff.

e) Increase general expenses.

4) Expansion of activities. Considering certain conditions:

a) Ratio between the equipment used and sales.

b) Proportion between the equipment used and the operating personnel.

c) Ratio between production and equipment utilization percentage.

d) Rationalization of the organization in relation to the team to maintain the facilities at a high level of capacity.

5) Market. An expansion market requires higher facilities and returns, while a restricted market forces the facilities to remain operational.

6) Country where the company operates.

Social environment.

Social factors obey the actions and behavior of individuals in the context of the group, which leads to consider the differences, divergences and common reactions that the various social strata manifest, and which in turn directly affect companies:

1) Cultural traditions. They are framed in the field of religion and beliefs and general education of a country.

a) Religion.

b) Education.

i) Traditional in ideas and conceptualization of life.

ii) Rational, innovative, updating and adapting to reality.

c) Family.

2) Spending habits.

a) Oriented by the ideals of society, it directs spending towards increasing profits (commercial habit), or towards increasing consumption (consumption habit).

b) Oriented towards consumption in comfort (domestic staff).

c) Oriented towards the consumption of superfluous things.

3) Attitudes. The behavior of individuals and groups in a certain society or social stratum considering the following aspects:

a) Attitude towards work. Which is conditioned by:

i) Work profile. Given by environment, working conditions and remuneration.

ii) Type of task. Manual or administrative.

iii) Motivation. Motivating or compulsory jobs.

b) Attitude towards money.

i) Savings attitude.

ii) Attitude of expenditure.

iii) Attitude towards women.

4) Racial and linguistic homogeneity of the country. Where the company is sensitive to:

a) The commercialization of products and services.

b) The staff that works.

Economic Effects of tourism

Sector development:

Principles that outline the scope or scope, nature and timing of tourism.

Scope of tourism, refers to the spatial framework in which it is projected. Regarding its nature, the conditions are given according to the origin of the demand. The timing of the action, which will depend on the period or time of year, where one or the other effect that has greater importance and interest.

What is meant by sectoral development caused by tourism?

It is the permanent, balanced and rational growth of the productive sectors, motivated by the demand for goods and services for the direct and immediate consumption of tourists.

A tourist center that permanently receives the amount X of tourism, if it does not incorporate additional demand, will not have to grow, but if this increase occurs, the facilities and other resources will necessarily have to adapt to the new demands made. Non-residents, without their own accommodation, will generally justify the creation of lodging establishments and restaurants, thus developing sectors that until then did not exist.

Sectorial development will be closely linked to the consumption of tourists or to the demand for goods or services arranged to satisfy their needs.

The assessment of the sectoral impact is necessary and its measure will provide us with important information to implement economic tourism policies.

The volume of production acquired by tourism demand. The tourism gross added value generated directly in the sector.

The comparative analysis will allow knowing:

What would have happened if a stationary situation had been maintained or almost without tourism. What would have been the evolution of the most impacted sectors. What is the relative weight of tourism income before and after the growth in demand.

Therefore, it can be affirmed that tourism significantly influences the activity of numerous sectors, which in turn, through tourism consumption are accelerated in their development. The one that in turn affects the creation of wealth.

The wealth that tourism generates is not limited to that which originates from economic sectors in direct contact with tourism demand.

Employment generation

Another effect that tourism causes is the creation of jobs. This direct effect, with repercussions induced by the entire production process, as in the labor market, produces benefits of a diverse nature:

Corrects unemployment. Minimizes social problems. Softens situations of conflict and friction. Raises consumption levels via income.

The creation of jobs for tourism through 2 projections:

Direct, due to the increase in accommodation places, restaurants, transport, etc. Indirect, due to the need to expand sectors that provide services to the tourist productive sectors.

Those that must be systematically quantified, if one wishes to know with some approximation and validity, the degree of influence (foresight, promotion of professional training policies).

To do this, a set of employment indicators or coefficients must be prepared on the basis of existing statistics, which will explain the process of absorption of labor, for different periods, according to types of categories of establishments or sector.

Eio = Seio / Dio Eit = Seit / Dit

Where:

Eio: ratio volume of employment / capacity of the sector (i) for the base year.

Seio: sum of employment of a certain sector (i) in the base year.

It gave: dimension or physical capacity of the type of offer analyzed.

The comparison for different moments will show the evolution of the ratios and the trend that exists, due to the need for employment, according to the new capacity that increases.

Redistribution of income

The imbalances detected within each country in the distribution of income, oblige to take into account development policies, which are capable of correcting inequalities in levels of income, production and consumption.

A social objective of any government action must be to achieve the best distribution. Where the orderly growth of the tourist activity and the adequate application of economic policies, clearly facilitates this effect of such positive repercussion.

The components that directly influence a better distribution of income, not spatially, but seen from the global volume at the national level, can be:

Salary income. Residual income. Business operating profits. Transfers via prices, via taxes. Public sector action.

Then, the promotion of tourist activities in low-income areas will improve the situation. While the public sector, through the different instruments it has, will be able to favor the growth of the activity, multiplying in turn the complementary production process and the adequacy of the distribution of income.

Regional development.

Tourism contributes decisively to the economic and social development of many places.

The fundamental reasons for the appearance of tourism and its subsequent development are:

The direct and autonomous action of geotouristic values that by themselves have attracted demand to depressed areas, subsequently applying promotion and intensification mechanisms. Those who need preconditions to drive their expansion:
- Geotouristic resources Basic infrastructure Possibilities for improving natural infrastructure Unemployed or unemployed population Efforts by the authorities of influencing social conditions Interest shown by private companies or actions taken by regional or local authorities, promoting promotion.

Which leads to:

Increase in disposable income per inhabitant. Increase in the cultural and professional level of the population. Expansion of the construction and related sectors. Basic industrialization of the region's economy. Positive modification of the economic and social structure of the area. migratory effects Labor attraction.

This brings effects on a national scale, which in turn also impact on regional levels:

Increase in the global demand for employment. Intersectoral development at regional levels. Generator of income to the regions. Promoter of productive activities related to tourism.

By multiplying productive activities, jobs are created, both with direct and indirect effects.

Regarding intersectoral development, the repercussion of tourism at local levels has a multiplier effect on the different productive branches.

To achieve a coherent, harmonious development and with certain possibilities of expansion in the long term, the action of various public and fiscal entities must be necessary, where what must be promoted is:

Actions promoting tourism demand. Regulatory actions and control of tourism supply. Intensification of development aid. Improvement of infrastructure. Plan to stimulate investments. Increase in real investments, if necessary. Lines of credit adequate to the levels of development proposed. Promotion of new tourist modalities. Use of the potential tourist resources of the area in question.

Generation of tax revenues.

The income collected can be outlined as follows:

Taxation that taxes the consumption of tourists.
1. Set of tourist consumption taxes. Customs taxes that are imposed on imports that are made to satisfy the immediate needs of tourists.
Taxation of transactions and income generated in the productive process of tourism.
1. Direct taxation:
  1. Income of natural persons.
    1. Direct content of workers 'incomes. Indirect content of workers' incomes.
    Company income.
    1. Direct content of company income Indirect content of company income
    Indirect taxation:
    1. Taxes linked to production
      1. Direct content Indirect content.
      Customs income originated by the importation of products by the companies, that serve the services to the tourists or that indirectly affect the tourist activity.

Modification of consumption structures.

The influence of tourism on consumption (spending) and its structure, manifests itself in two forms of action:

Inciding its positive variation or increase, modifying its structure by qualifying it and making it more selective.

The factors that most intensely affect final consumption or demand, and the way tourism relates to them, will indirectly be acting on consumption.

Those that can be stated in the following:

Decrease in employment, due to the increase in jobs.Increase in salary income based on the increase in employment and job improvements.Expansion of the money supply, due to increased liquid availability and facilitation of personal credits. Deceleration of consumer price indices. Improvement in the functional and personal distribution of incomes, intensifying the consumption of the lower classes. Increase in the rates of activity, production and global income, indirectly to the latter two. New habits or changes in conservative customs.

Impact on prices.

What can be the specific reasons that drive or influence the rise in prices due to the expansion of tourism?

The intense increase in the demand for goods and services or pressure on the supply. Increase in the money supply due to the effect of tourism expansion. Due to the rise in the prices of tourism goods and services that indirectly, through their weighting, may influence the general index. By the appearance of psychological effects on the market. Increases in imports, which make products more expensive. Regional shortage of available goods and services. Increased costs due to increasingly strong demand pressures. Balance of payments surplus.

Then, the reasons for the intensive increase in demand can be limited to the following:

The massive incorporation of foreign tourists who visit the country, which accelerate the demand for goods and services, through spending. The arrival of nationals residing abroad, who join the demand for goods and services. country and that they carry out foreign tourism, with extraordinary expenses, which affect demand.

Seen from another angle, the factors that slow down the growth of demand can be classified as:

Decrease in demand due to the absence of spending by residents who go abroad. Decrease in demand, due to the departure abroad of foreigners residing in the country.

These factors mentioned above may mean an increase in demand, which when pressured exerts a rising influence on the CPI. What does not necessarily happen, since there are various circumstances that lessen this situation:

The strict and limited specification of goods and services in which this additional expense created by tourism demand really affects. The weight that corresponds to the goods and services consumed by tourism on the CPI. The relationship between the amount of additional demand originated and global demand. The specific regional effect of this impact due to the zonal concentration of tourist demand, at national and foreign levels. The degree of temporary concentration of tourist demand or expenditure that is limited to a few months.

Tourism action on imports and exports.

1.- About exports.

It is the effect on visible exports, where tourism plays a promoting role in purchasing products from the receiving country.

2.- About imports.

Strong point of discussion, since according to the theory that the invisible exports generated by tourism are canceled as the tourism aggregate sector forces the carrying out of strong imports, which they absorb, through the expenditure generated by the registered income.. Generalizing at this point is pointless.

Example: country with natural resources appreciated by tourism, but without goods to offer. Then you must import everything. Tourism imports are of little importance versus foreign exchange earnings.

The quantification and analysis of the generation of imports by tourism will offer the net balance of the contribution of foreign exchange by foreign demand and will serve to highlight the truth of the effect. It is useful to investigate, with respect to domestic demand, whether the imports that are generated would have been produced in the same way and how much if the nationals did not do tourism, since they would then have consumed those imports.

Origin of the imports generated by the tourist activity, in order to provide the goods that satisfy the needs of the final demand:

Imports directly demanded and that appear in the final consumption of those who do tourism. Finished products without transformation in the production process of the recipient country, which are generated in the production process of companies that provide a service or a good directly to tourists. Food products: those that are linked to tourism, through the interrelationships between those companies that are in direct contact with the activity, and those that supply essential products and services to meet the demands of tourist consumption.

The evaluation of the economic significance and amount of imports is important if you want to demonstrate the reality of the problem.

The method consists of finding out the direct and indirect contents of imports by productive branch and then applying the quotas of the sectors that tourism consumption absorbs for itself from each of the sectors. The aggregation of the components will give the total value, comparable in time and place of membership.

3.- on the money supply.

The lack of concreteness in direct and visible manifestations gives its dark and little analyzed tone, regarding the impacts of tourism.

Monetary policy is an element of action within the economy. In the treatment of monetary policy, superficiality appears, avoiding fundamental aspects and interrelationships that shape the true nature of the problems.

ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF TOURISM:

acceptance of the general influence of tourism growth (national and foreign), in the variations in the money supply, consideration of the direction of influence (positive or negative) and quantitative valuation, if measurable, design of mechanisms to evaluate the repercussions. determination of administrative bodies or economic magnitudes, with the capacity to alter possible influences on variations in the money supply. definition of the degree of permanence or temporality of the influence of tourism on the money supply.

Money supply: it is the value of fiduciary circulation or cash in the hands of the public, plus bank deposits on demand.

A first limitation is regarding establishing the true influence of tourist income on the foreign sector. When the money supply contracts or expands, due to changes in reserves, it cannot be guaranteed that these variations are the effects of tourism, increased exports, or short or long-term capital movements.

From an inland tourism approach, this has an impact on the money supply, rather on the speed of money circulation coefficient.

For a better analysis of the influence of tourism, it is necessary to review the explanatory factors of the surplus liquidity of the system, looking at the direct relationship between liquidity and tourist activity:

1.- autonomous factors:

a.- cash in the hands of the public.

b.- foreign sector.

c.- public sector.

d.- other operations.

e.- accounting gap.

2.- monetary activity.

a.- public sector; net emissions.

b.- Credit to the banking system.

c.- deposits prior to imports.

d.- other operations.

3.- liquid assets of the banking system.

a.- bank

b.- savings banks.

4.- monetary authority. Liquid asset retention.

a.- cash ratio.

b.- mandatory deposits.

4.- Incidence on investment.

The tourism boom requires investments in:

buildings for accommodation, buildings for additional services, public works, means of transport, promotion.

5.- other economic effects of tourism.

5.1.- repercussions on the real estate markets and the value of the land.

5.2.- effects on the public budget.

expenses or investments in tourism promotion. investments in professional training or training of personnel appropriate to the needs of tourism. investments in tourist health, comfort and safety infrastructure. expenses in maintenance of services that balance and develop the tourist activity. expenses dedicated to sustain subsidies and transfers to activities and entities necessary for tourism development. direct subsidies for the promotion of tourism activities and programs.

THE STATISTICAL STUDY OF TOURISM.

In tourism, statistical information is essential for the adoption of any decision by those who must direct their growth policy.

It is quite complex and difficult to compare at regional and international levels, the different circumstances and characters that typify and diversify the features of the different variables, then it is necessary to attend to more defining elements, making comparisons more difficult. It is from this point in particular that the urgency to improve the statistics by groups of objectives arises:

Basic objectives, the fulfillment of which would make the efficient management of tourism activity very difficult. To know the basic elements of the scenario in which the activity takes place and the evolution of the variables. To study the past and the perspectives that appear in the short term. To program different Alternatives for variation in the fundamental tourist magnitudes. Adopt effective management policy decisions in accordance with the above objectives. Complementary objectives. Justify economic actions and measures by those who execute the policy or carry out the planning. Systematic and periodic presentation of the results.

The data collected must comply with certain essential conditions, such as:

Coherence and uniformity in the concepts and criteria maintained at the spatial and temporal level. Reliability in the bases for collecting the information and validity of the sources used. Lack of bias and accuracy in the values, that is, the absence of all possible errors.Application and operability for its management, treatment and inference, which makes its practical application possible. Consistency and representativeness when compared and analyzed, among themselves or in relation to other statistics.

In those cases in which the information base is substantially constituted by numerical data of little significance, the planning or the simple programming of projects, will have the enormous risk of inefficiency and lack of economic and social profitability. Statistics will serve to support decision making. The need to compile statistics is not only reflected in the desire to achieve the objectives, as other concerns and obligations soon arise that make it necessary to have statistics.

How to measure the positive effects, as well as the negative ones, that have originated?

How to present to the public opinion and stakeholders, the level to which it has reached?

Reply:

Through the application and permanent development of statistics that tend to perfection.

Problems when preparing statistics.

Observing the behavior of the demand, there are features that make its assessment and analysis difficult:

The mobility of travelers that prevent counting by destination points, producing duplications and / or lack of consideration for movements. Great overcrowding or concretion in some tourist centers, hindering a complete and detailed knowledge of the characteristics. Seasonality of demand, that causes concentrations in a few days and difficulty in its count. The degree of interrelation with other social or professional activities, which confuses and hides the true motivations of travel. The lack of uniformity and understanding of the definitions and concepts of the statistical units and by those who make them.

On the supply side there are also complications that cast doubt on the effective quantification.

The lack of the material nature of the services offered to tourists, without storage. The lack of proper and exclusive identification of the majority of the sectors and branches linked to tourist activity. Tourist activity does not have the independent rank of a productive branch, considering it as a productive aggregate with strong indirect contents, problems in the classification of economic activity. The economic interrelations are continuous and are affected in various magnitudes, depending on their degree of dependence on other sectors of the economy.

Existing statistics.

For demand, there are data referring to stratified or crossed groups:

Number of tourists or visitors received in a given period of time (years, months). Number of travelers arriving at accommodation establishments (by typologies, categories and destinations). Stays caused by travelers (overnight stays by nationalities and destinations). Places of origin or nationality of the travelers. Means of transport used for the journey. Origin and regional provenance in the case of domestic tourism. General causes or main reasons for the trip. Level or professional category of the visitor. Personal characteristics of the tourists (age, sex, marital status, etc.). Foreign currency income and payments for foreign tourism. Distribution on a regional scale of the volume of travelers, according to arrival times, etc.

For the offer, the following stand out:

The census of the accommodation capacity of hotel accommodation. The extra hotel capacity of various types. Catalog of tourist resources. Occupancy levels of reception capacity both in space and time. Situation and quality levels of basic infrastructure. Volume and quality of the complementary offer. Employment generated by the activity. New investments.

Insufficient statistical information.

A system according to the needs of the people involved in the activity, which allows them to outline future action guidelines for their tourism-related activities, requires compliance with the following basic functions:

Measure from the point of view of demand, the amount and characteristics of foreign and domestic tourism in the country, as well as the tourism of nationals abroad. Provide information about the capacity of the means of accommodation, resources in general and the complementary means, as well as the structure of exploitation and economic returns. Assess the economic effects of tourism on the balance of payments and on economic manifestations in general, both in the delimitation of the economic aspects that make up the activity (investment, financing, prices, employment, etc.) Analyze the social and psychological repercussions of the activity (environment, urban balance, etc.).

For Demand.

Historical evolution of domestic tourism movements. Characters that shape domestic demand. The structure of tourism consumption (Internal dda, External dda. And consumption of tourist companies). Stratification of demand, according to modalities of tourist enjoyment. Degrees of satisfaction Qualitative and quantitative aspects obtained.

For the Offer.

Price or cost of living indices for tourists, either in absolute or relative terms with respect to nearby or competing countries. Economic statistics on the repercussions of the activity, on the effects of tourism on a regional scale, on the exploitation structures of the companies in the sectors directly influenced by the activity and the results obtained. Indices of concentration or existing densities in the important tourist centers. Assessment of the social repercussions that tourism has caused in the regions or communes with the greatest expansion or growth.

Statistical research will depend on the general circumstances that are present in the country:

Structure and value of the information. Technical and methodological level of the specialists. The economic importance of the activity and the existence of a correlation with the budgetary means.

Then, the procedures for collecting tourism information will be:

The count of temporary visitors arriving at borders. The count of travelers arriving at tourist accommodation. The systematic and periodic count of total overnight stays. The use of standardized card systems delivered at borders. The carrying out of sample surveys. The count of the offer by official records.

The criteria for selecting the data collected for their abundance can be:

That they have a practical utility, to partially or completely describe a reality regarding tourism. That they have a demonstrated utility, as a basis for prediction or analysis of future growths or variations. That they have a basic minimum of effectiveness for the achievement of planning. have an intensive and intelligent use of data, both by the public and private sectors; have an operational application by the private initiative; have a principle of economy.

The areas of tourist activity that deserve special attention when collecting information are:

Accommodation establishments. Information from hotel companies. Travel agencies and companies that organize tourist circuits. Industrial and artisan companies that produce tourist articles. Recreational establishments and government departments.

Then, the places where you can collect demand information are many and varied, below are some:

At borders (land, air and / or sea). In accommodation establishments. In means of transport during travel. In travelers' own homes before or after travel. In recreational areas (beaches, centers of ski, etc.).

At this point in the matter, it is necessary to remember the objectives of the statistics at the border points delineated by the OTM, which are:

Know the total volume of the tourist influx and its evolution rate. Know the markets of demand dependency and identify the fastest growing ones. Know the evolution of the means of transport. Identify the preferences of the travelers regarding the means of Transport.Measure the level of seasonality of demand, based on its monthly concentration and its evolution.Measure seasonality depending on the markets where the demand comes from.Relate the average stay with the motivations of tourists and with the means of transport used. Group the set of visitors according to their motivations and their evolution. Analyze the motivational field by countries of origin of the visitor. Type the current demand, by markets of origin according to their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.

With this, other objectives can be achieved, such as knowledge of:

The tourist image of the country The means by which the tourist was attracted to the country The tourist's views regarding prices, facilities and services Quantification of the travel budget

Sample surveys

Sampling of tourist or potentially tourist populations can complement the information obtained through administrative channels. Which will require, if it is to be complete and effective, the carrying out of certain periodic surveys that verify the consistency and validity of the statistics obtained. Sample surveys will be conducted through:

Personal interview using a standardized and coded questionnaire. Providing the traveler with a form to be filled out immediately with the help of the interviewer. Delivering a printed questionnaire, which will be forwarded by mail.

One of the advantages offered by the sample survey is that the data collected refers only to previously stratified visitors in relation to different variables, and can almost certainly obtain the purpose of the visit, the country of residence, etc.

Economic statistics

These are classified in several different ways, among which the following are presented:

According to the information they provide, they are structural, when they express magnitudes that determine the constitution of the activity at a given moment (tourist consumption, production, imports, etc.) They are evolutionary or temporary, when they represent the changes and trends that have occurred in the different variables over time.They are technical or management, when they describe the technical coefficients of each of the productive branches that make up the tourism aggregate.According to the application that corresponds to them.Tourist policy, aimed at the adoption of Concrete decisions on economic policy for immediate action to achieve certain objectives. Planning and control, aimed at preparing plans for growth and sector remodeling.To measure the economic effects that it originates in all areas of tourism. To control the influencing factors in the variables of supply and demand. According to its geographical origin. Of the areas targeted by the tourist flows or movements received. Of the areas transmitters of tourist demand. From the closest competing areas. According to the origin of tourist demand. Of domestic tourism carried out in the country. Of national tourism that is directed abroad. Of foreign tourism that is received. Of regional tourism or minor local areas, depending on the tourist activities offered, accommodation and restaurants, transport and communications, recreational companies and shows, and other complementary offers.According to its geographical origin, of the target areas of the tourist flows or movements received, of the areas that send tourist demand, of the closest competing areas, according to the origin of the tourist demand, of domestic tourism carried out in the country.From the national tourism that is directed to the foreigner. From the foreign tourism that is received. From the regional tourism or from minor local areas. According to the offered tourist activities. Of lodging and restoration. Of transport and communications. Of recreational companies and shows. Of other complementary offers.According to its geographical origin, of the target areas of the tourist flows or movements received, of the areas that send tourist demand, of the closest competing areas, according to the origin of the tourist demand, of domestic tourism carried out in the country.From the national tourism that is directed to the foreigner. From the foreign tourism that is received. From the regional tourism or from minor local areas. According to the offered tourist activities. Of lodging and restoration. Of transport and communications. Of recreational companies and shows. Of other complementary offers.Of the national tourism that goes to the foreigner. Of the foreign tourism that is received. Of the regional tourism or of minor local areas. According to the offered tourist activities. Of lodging and restoration. Of transport and communications. Of recreational companies and shows. complementary.Of the national tourism that goes to the foreigner. Of the foreign tourism that is received. Of the regional tourism or of minor local areas. According to the offered tourist activities. Of lodging and restoration. Of transport and communications. Of recreational companies and shows. complementary.

Social statistics and indicators of change.

Due to the social effects caused by tourism, deeper studies and their respective quantification must be considered. The social statistics that affect tourism can be classified into 2 main groups:

Those that represent variables or social sign factors that influence the normal process of variation of tourism; those that determine the way in which the activity affects the receiving nuclei or the tourist or traveler himself.

Among which the following stand out:

Of the levels of quality of life of tourists, reflected by means of consumption indicators that have greater significance in the different demands. Representatives of the weighted levels of social and cultural development of travelers. Those that describe the reasons or modalities of The trips that indicate the elevation of the consumption level of the receiving populations, those that show the elevation of the socio-cultural indexes of the receptive populations, those that show the disfigurement of the environment, folklore and customs typical of the receiving centers. The indicators of attraction or rejection of a certain demand, those that explain the modification of habits and customs of tourists.

ECONOMETRIC TECHNIQUES AT THE SERVICE OF TOURISM.

Tourism with characteristics deeply rooted in the spiritual by its very nature, must be studied under a mathematical approach, analyzing the elements that identify and integrate it in the social sciences. The possible effects of identifying in the transformation processes in sectors of tourist potential are:

Provision of foreign exchange, Regional development, Increased demand for employment, Promoter of intersectoral economic expansion, Impact on tax revenues, Creation of incentives for the export of new products.

Thus, when taking into account these effects, it is necessary to support on a solid basis with rigorous measurements, to know in detail the situation of a given moment, the possible causes of such a situation, the problems and the benefits of having decision options endorsed with experimental studies.

Then, it is very important to be able to prepare forecasts or projections for the future, estimate structural relationships of the activity, build simulation models to assume actions and estimate profitability models in the microeconomic field.

The econometric research method attempts to link economic theory and actual measurements, using the theory and technique of statistical inference as a bridge.

Then, econometrics is: that branch of economic science that tries to quantify, that is, represent numerically economic relationships, which is done through a combination of mathematical and statistical economic theory. Thus, econometrics has 2 fundamental characteristics: it is inevitably quantitative and it is closely related to reality.