Introduction
I begin by saying that if we sincerely accept that we do not know everything and we intend to improve, it is when we begin to feel good about this ignorance and trying to understand and that we must remain ready for an urgent professional update. What is fully accepted and mentally immobilized cannot make us feel at peace; that is, that it is not correct to include in our personality the disposition to accept our ignorance.
How many times have we heard people say, "You never finish learning"? Well that phrase is totally true. If we want to be competitive professionals and stay current, we must undergo constant learning processes.
It is vital in the exercise of the Administration, to possess a degree of knowledge and updating that allows us to develop the capacity to make strategic and operational decisions in the company; globally understand the particularities of their different functional areas, reinforce our professional skills for reflection and encourage the exchange of knowledge and experiences among other professionals.
In a time as competitive and constantly changing as the current one, continuing education allows a permanent updating of knowledge and training. Otherwise, our knowledge will quickly become obsolete, placing us at a great disadvantage with those who continue to educate themselves continuously.
A year and months ago we presented to the Department of Business Administration (DAE) of the National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH) a project to update the curriculum of the Business Administration degree. It was just a project that applying Synectics could be improved, enriched and applied for the good of the Business Administration in Honduras. But it seems that the topic was related to the situation of Professor Retired from the undersigned to disqualify him and to cover up the project, ignoring the content of the previous paragraph.
The administration
We are told that administration is born with humanity. That is why it has a universal character, since it contributes effectiveness to human efforts and, also, it is essential for any social organism.
The application of the administration is a guarantee of success for any social organism, precisely because they depend, directly or indirectly, on it, because they need to carefully manage the human and material resources they possess, in order to obtain the ends pursued by said organization..
An efficient administrative technique promotes and guides the development of any institution, as it happens in small and medium-sized companies, for which their only possibility of being competitive is by applying effective administration.
Through the correct application of the principles of administration, it contributes to the well-being of the community, since it provides guidelines to optimize the use of resources, to improve human relations and generate jobs.
For this reason, we find that administration is everywhere and its transcendence in human life is undeniable. Every organization needs, as a base, the administration in order to survive in the highly competitive environment in which it lives today.
Importance of studying Business Administration
Administration is a general discipline and Business Administration is a disciplinary approach from the previous one. Business Administration is located within the social sciences, since it uses concepts from psychology and sociology, disciplines that have contributed to its development. In this case, the study of organizational behavior has a strong influence on psychology; sociology has contributed to the study of the administrative phenomenon from the perspective of organizational theory.
Currently there are people who without a formal study make their business idea a total success. But the difference between an administration professional and an empirical administrator is that when it comes to solving any type of inconvenience or problem that arises within the organization, the administration professional is capable of solving it on his own, since he is trained to maintain harmonious organizational behavior and also allows the company to have a broader perspective of the environment in which it develops, while the empirical administrator needs to be advised.
The importance of preparing and studying Business Administration is because you acquire the foundations and knowledge to overcome obstacles, be competent and have the initiative that drives you to follow through on an entrepreneurial dream or business idea.
Administration is permanent. Are business ventures over? Business administration is over.
For this reason, a Business Administrator must be a person with vision, capable of applying and developing the knowledge of business planning, organization, management and control, in order to achieve the purposes of the Institution in which he provides his services.
The functions of the professional in Business Administration include: the elaboration of the organization's policies, the effective use of both human and material resources, the orientation and control of the organization's activities, in accordance with the established plans and maintenance in the best possible conditions of an administrative structure that responds adequately to the needs of change.
The Business Administrator can be developed in the following fields: Production, Planning, Finance, Marketing, Supervision, Sales, Training, Personnel Selection, Organization and Methods, etc. He can serve as Financial and Accounting Administrator, Operations Administrator, Human Resources Administrator, Purchasing and Sales Administrator, Public Administrator, University Teaching, Management Audit, Business Consulting, among others.
In this sense, the Department of Business Administration (DAE) of the National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH) must train professionals who, by making decisions, effectively guide companies and the resources available to them towards strategic objectives such as innovation, competitiveness and the generation of economic and social value.
Competition
The deterioration of our career increases when there is a proliferation of private universities that has generated aggressive competition to keep a portion of the student market, of business administration, with a strategy that advertises the professional quality of those who graduate from their classrooms.
However, it seems that we have forgotten Michael Porter's postulates that there are basically three generic types of competitive strategies.
- Positioning as a leading producer in the industry, balancing effort to be a low-cost producer: This strategy was based on maintaining the lowest cost compared to competitors in the same job segment. In our environment, no private university could compete with a low price since they would not reach a high enrollment since they cannot cover the exorbitant costs of a physical infrastructure necessary for a high volume of students. Seek to differentiate the product offered from that of the Rivals: Differentiation is supposed to be the protective layer that an organization has over its competitors. But differentiating means developing brand loyalty to produce less price sensitivity.It also means getting involved in research and development of new products or services, hence the desire to differentiate yourself in sensitive points such as the quality of your products (careers). But even that is too much for most of these institutions. • Focusing on one market area rather than an entire market: Focusing means focusing on a defined group of customers, on a product line, or on a geographic market. The problem is that our private universities, for the most part, generate the same products and services with different names and are supported with a little different marketing, hoping that people will think that the offering University is a "brand".But even that is too much for most of these institutions. • Focusing on one market area rather than an entire market: Focusing means focusing on a defined group of customers, on a product line, or on a geographic market. The problem is that our private universities, for the most part, generate the same products and services with different names and are supported with a little different marketing, hoping that people will think that the offering University is a "brand".But even that is too much for most of these institutions. • Focusing on one market area rather than an entire market: Focusing means focusing on a defined group of customers, on a product line, or on a geographic market. The problem is that our private universities, for the most part, generate the same products and services with different names and are supported with a little different marketing, hoping that people will think that the offering University is a "brand".They generate the same products and services under different names and are supported by a little different marketing, hoping that people will think that the offering University is a "brand."They generate the same products and services under different names and are supported by a little different marketing, hoping that people will think that the offering University is a "brand."
However, Porter himself, in 1990, recognized the new market scenarios and that, given the instability of the three previous generic strategies, more dynamic strategic models are required to develop competitive advantages.
Career crisis at UNAH
For several years we have wondered why the enrollment of Business Administration has been declining? What factors are contributing to this marked trend? Our experience, without reservation that some feel annoyed, has indicated to us that when evaluating the quality of a career, we must begin by analyzing the quality of its curricular content, its teachers and its directors, its research processes and relationship, their external relations and their physical facilities.
Our analysis has led us to the following conclusions:
- There is no constant process of curricular revision and updating of the business administration career. Nor is a profile of the applicant, student and graduate of the business administration career defined and / or updated. Much less is there a process of disclosure between teachers and students of the advances in the subjects served in the degree, especially with the use of new technology. There are no formulated feedback policies for graduates to update the degree and maintain contact with the field of work, this in regards to the curriculum of the career. Here it is worth bringing to the ring the College of Business Administrators, who has shown no interest in the future of the career, much less in the quality of training of new professionals in the field.Teachers are not provided with guidance on the importance of incorporating teaching interactions into educational practice and their positive consequences for improvement. Nor does the feedback provided by students through these interactions take advantage of evaluating the curricular content. In terms of teacher training, there are no indicators that reflective practice is encouraged for ongoing teacher training. Compliance with a training plan for teachers, instructors and assistants in the field of teaching is not ensured. Nor are training plans designed for teachers, consistent with the specific areas of knowledge of the degree (the different subjects). There is no knowledge of efforts to improve the equipment in classrooms,laboratories and library. Nor is the allocation of cubicles for all teachers in the department encouraged. Much less is the creation of a computer laboratory exclusively for the business administration career managed. As for external relations, there is no disclosure program for agreements established by UNAH and in which the department participates. In this sense, there is no knowledge or support for the execution of the agreements established by UNAH by the members of the department. Likewise, there are no activities aimed at projecting the department in companies and in the community. Regarding research, there are no research activities that allow the allocation of resources by UNAH's central organizations.There are no established lines of research in the business administration career. Therefore, no unit has been created to coordinate research activities in the department. Regarding the link between the degree program and the business environment, especially with MSMEs, there is no policy in this regard, much less a unit. administrative to coordinate and integrate the outreach activities within the functions of the teaching staff. The members of the department do not feel the need to carry out outreach activities. In this sense, there are no training plans designed for the communities with the participation of teachers and students. Therefore, the participation of department members in solving community problems through outreach activities is not encouraged.
The challenge for the Department of Business Administration (DAE)
Our career has lost the focus of being one of the few ways to realize the value of personal autonomy, which is still an aspiration for most. In the current situation, there is evidence that our career has remained prostrate in the industrial civilization of the 20th century.
Career has been the main avenue by which most people could hope to establish continuity and meaning of being authors of their economic lives.
The deterioration of the DAE training service is also an inevitable consequence of the emergence of the knowledge-based economy. Continuous innovation in technology and business organizations inevitably leads to the progressive creative destruction of many practices that were once honored, including those that were at the center of many careers.
Business administration, as one of the central institutions to legitimize the benefits of a dynamic and capitalist economy, sees in its decline a threat to devastate that legitimacy throughout society, particularly in the middle class in which the Accessibility to the race has been stronger.
It is known that we need a change to face the challenges of the new economy that requires higher levels of human talent training. Less often is the fact that these new economies make the acquisition, application, and life span of traditional professional knowledge less and less useful to most graduates. An education like the one provided is no longer enough to succeed in constantly evolving economies with new information technologies.
However, giving trainings to switch to new races is a very simplistic response, in the face of the depth of challenge of the change we face these days.
Many of the practices and institutions that we inherited from previous phases are inappropriate for the world of work that new technologies have brought with them. Whether in engineering, medicine, industry, government, or any other domain where careers have flourished. Everyone's career progresses with increasing knowledge and specialized skills.
Now, knowing that you are a Business Administrator is orienting yourself towards a new life project where there is a path aimed at creating your own organization, applying all the knowledge acquired in your training.
There are two moral risks related to career decline. First, by diminishing people's ability to choose the meaningful and stable employment that career provides, and the threat to individualistic values embodied in modern market economies. At the same time, along with increases in labor mobility and the corrosion of many traditional values, the decline weakens the social cohesion bonds on which economies of this type depend.
Because if not we will be seeing professionals who move like nomads from one project to another, navigating talentedly through contingent working lives such as the brutal cuts in companies that seek to increase competitiveness, and thus they are uncomfortable to support their families.
They cannot find in their working life foundations for the forms of continuity that are important to generate family stability and professional confidence. This is a subject of current debate, and that most universities are not interested in analyzing.
Therefore, the need arises to abandon the training of professionals who are not going to find work as employees and focus on the training of entrepreneurs, whether for large companies or directed to MSMEs.
So we must stop training employees, we must train a business administrator who is prepared to create his own business or company. Although most of them do not have the possibilities or the resources to start their own companies, even for many young people who choose to study this career, this is one of their future plans.
Proposal for a career rescue plan
The design of a career rescue plan represents the main aspiration within this job. However, it is based and becomes important in the development of a Strategic Plan with the participation of all the members of the department and those graduates interested in the problems that the career is experiencing.
I am a former teacher of this career, but that does not disqualify me to maintain interest in everything that happens around it. For this reason, our intention is aimed at encouraging the Department of Business Administration to start a process to rescue the quality of the teaching taught in our career and also promote a culture of quality.
This general purpose is broken down into the following specific objectives:
- Respond to the current demands for higher education in terms of quality and innovation. Promote critical reflection of the members of the department regarding the quality criteria of university education. Incorporate the members of the department as main protagonists in improving the quality of teaching. Establish homogeneous quality criteria based on the proposals of the members of the department. Encourage the improvement of the teaching, research, extension and management activity of the members of the department. Contribute to the motivation and satisfaction of the staff.. Encourage the participation of all members taking into account their contributions and concerns in improvement activities.Increase the steps aimed at the possible application for accreditation before the National Evaluation and Accreditation System (SEA).
Justification of the plan
Continuous improvement involves a change in the behaviors of the people who make up an organization. An improvement plan should encourage the required modifications in the processes.
Although the evaluation processes represent an important requirement for the improvement of teaching, their relevance lies in the fact that they serve to support the implementation of improvement actions.
In our particular case, the exploration and consensus phase and the self-evaluation phase, indicated above, represent an important aspect because they lead us to design a plan for continuous improvement in the quality of teaching.
The contributions of a teaching evaluation process must be incorporated through an improvement plan for the unit evaluated. According to Bricall (2000) "an improvement plan represents an essential element to achieve a quality culture in educational centers".
Currently, UNAH must maintain permanent mechanisms to ensure the quality of teaching. Every day there are greater social demands for universities to become social agents to respond to changes and innovations. But, if UNAH does not do this, we should not fall asleep waiting for an effort that we may well undertake by ourselves.
In this sense, an improvement plan is justified so that the DAE, particularly the protagonists of the educational process, is responsible for promoting and developing quality policies and mechanisms for continuous improvement.
Here are some important aspects related to the improvement plan:
Responsible
In the plan we must indicate the people or units on which the responsibility for the proposed activities falls:
- Dean (o) Head and Coordinator of the Department Teachers Students
In some activities the responsibility can be shared.
Temporalization
The plan can be proposed to last three years. However, the activities must be carried out at three levels: the short term that implies a maximum duration of one year, the medium term that represents a maximum duration of two years, and the long term that represents the maximum duration of three years. To indicate this timing we will use the following specifications
- Short Term Medium Term Long Term
When the activities require more than one of the indicated timings, they must be included in the corresponding specifications.
The Strategic Plan
The development of the Strategic Plan must contemplate three phases:
- Strategic reflection Strategic analysis Strategic formulation
Phase 1: Strategic reflection
In this phase, the Mission, Vision and Strategic Axes on which the DAE Strategic Plan must be based, for the period 2013–2015, must be defined (as an example).
Previous Documentation
Once the decision to implement the Strategic Plan has been made by a Board of Directors, the structure that said Plan should have must be designed and planned. To do this, a series of meetings of a Board of Directors (department head and coordinator) must be held to incorporate the heads of the area and a seminar on Strategic Planning in Higher Education, aimed at all the teachers of the degree (their participation must be mandatory).
The initial work should be reflected in a "preliminary document", which contains the following information:
- The Mission and Vision of the DAE. The Values of the UMH in force. The period of validity of the Strategic Plan (2013–2015). The definition and composition of the different working groups: Working groups, to analyze and debate the main topics of interest.Academic Transverse Tables, to supervise the coherence of the work.Cross-functional Social Table, to critically consider the proposed objectivesA work script with a series of questions and issues to identify Weaknesses, Threats, Strengths and Opportunities (SWOT), from the individual and group point of view of the participants.
Work groups
Insofar as the Strategic Plan must be a management instrument in which all the members who directly and indirectly interrelate with the career must participate in its definition and assume its objectives as their own. Three types of work groups with defined objectives must be defined.
Goals:
Reflect and debate the previous documentation.
Analyze the following topics:
- Training.Research and engagement.Management and services.Human resources.Structure, organization and government.Material resources and equipment.Economic and financial resources.External relationships with individuals, institutions and with private companies.Employment of graduates.Postgraduate training and continuous Communication and image.
Academic Cross Tables
Participants:
Head of department, career coordinator, teachers and students.
Goals:
Review the Mission and Vision.
- Integrate the Objectives and Lines of action proposed by the Working Groups in a single proposal. Coordinate the proposed objectives with the headings of the vision to ensure their coherence. Advance in the proposal of specific actions and projects.
Transversal Social Table
Participants:
DAE members, relevant members of companies, business organizations and MSMEs.
Goals:
- Analyze the vision and mission. Critically consider the objectives, and Analyze the proposed lines of action. Advance in the proposal of concrete actions and projects.
Resulting Documentation
Different working groups will be asked to raise strengths and weaknesses and opportunities and threats. With the data obtained, the information will be integrated in a summarized way in tables that allowed the triangulation (looking for the common ideas worked by the different groups) of all the contributions in order to find common points.
The preliminary work document will be disseminated to the entire community of the race, in addition to being published on the department's website to make it extensive to all the participants and thus be able to collect new opinions and proposals.
The final result of this analysis will lead to a “resulting document”, which will serve as the basis for the definition of the Mission and Vision with the horizon of 2015. Also in this phase and in line with what was analyzed and debated in the groups of work, five strategic axes will be established on which the Strategic Plan must be sustained. Its definition will result from the grouping of the topics covered in each of the Sector Tables.
Phase 2: Strategic Analysis
In this phase, internal and external aspects that affect DAE strategy must be identified. As a result of this analysis, a SWOT analysis must be generated to define the strategies that will make it possible to achieve the Vision defined for 2015.
Internal analysis refers to those internal aspects of the organization that must be maximized (strengths) or minimized (weaknesses) to face the challenges of the environment. To this end, the DAE must be analyzed based on its background, curriculum structure, teaching structure, research structure, management structure and quality.
The external analysis aims to identify the most significant elements of the DAE environment and assess their relevance for the progress and future development of the business administration career, anticipating possible changes. These elements must be identified by virtue of the effects they may have on the career: favorable (opportunities) or adverse (threats). You have to prepare to take advantage of opportunities and to mitigate threats. This analysis should be performed, both from a macro environment and micro environment point of view.
Phase 3: Strategic formulation
Finally, in the Strategic Formulation phase, for each strategic axis, the strategic lines, the strategic objectives and the necessary actions must be established to achieve the goals proposed in the Strategic Reflection phase.
The strategic lines are directly aligned with the DAE Mission, highlighting both the purpose stated in it, as well as the internal means of management and human development necessary.
To establish the strategic lines of each strategic axis, the strengths must be consolidated, the weaknesses must be minimized, the advantages of the opportunities must be taken advantage of and the threats, which have been established through the strategies of a SWOT matrix, as detailed below, should be established.:
Teaching of business administration. Pension update
The strategic lines, as well as their strategic objectives and their actions will be under the supervision of some managers, and their degree of achievement will be measured through objective and quantifiable indicators, thus guaranteeing the existence of a monitoring and control system.
Some ideas of concrete actions and projects for the Plan
We propose the following ideas, for a plan that covers the following units of analysis:
- Analysis unit: Teaching: Analysis unit: research: Analysis unit: Linking: Analysis unit: Management
Analysis unit: Teaching:
Curricular update:
- Start a process of curricular revision and updating of the business administration degree Prepare a document containing the new curricular design for the business administration degree Define and / or update the profile of the applicants, students and graduates of the degree of business administration. Obtain technological resources that support the incorporation of new technologies in the study plan of the career of business administration.
Teaching Development:
- Training and support for teachers in teaching strategies and incorporation of teaching resources and resources. Incorporation into academic practice and tutorial action to calculate the academic load. Unify the development of content, rather than the unification of exams. (The latter has not yielded the expected results, but the former is implemented.) Incorporate a real academic orientation for the students. Design a teacher training plan on the evaluation of learning. Provide teachers with guidance on the importance of incorporating the didactic interactions in educational practice and their positive consequences. Favor the social climate resulting from positive didactic interactions among the teachers of the department.Take advantage of feedback provided by students through didactic interactions.
Teacher training:
- Promote reflective practice for the permanent training of teachers. Ensure compliance with the legally established training plan for teaching instructors and assistants. Design training plans for teachers consistent with the areas of knowledge to which they belong. Define, with the Participation of all members of the department, the Mission and Future Vision, and promote their dissemination. Formulate policies on graduates to feed back the careers and maintain contact with the field of work. Stimulate the training of teachers in academic planning
External Relations:
- Prepare a dissemination program of the agreements established by the UNAH and in which the department participates. Support the execution of the agreements established by the UNAH by the members of the department. Organize activities aimed at the projection of the institution in the companies and in the community.
Analysis unit: research:
- Promote research activities that allow the allocation of resources by UNAH's central organizations. Create lines of research for careers in administration and accounting. Create a unit to coordinate research activities in the department.
Investigation Development
- Distribute the teaching load so that teachers have time for research. Formulate objectives and plans for the research function in the department. Orient teachers so that their research corresponds to the areas of knowledge and subjects that they are in charge.
Research impact
- Promote the increase of investigative activity in the members of the department. Promote the creation of research groups on teachers. Establish relationships with other departments inside and outside the university.
Analysis unit: Linkage:
Context and opportunities:
- Encourage the increase of bonding activities Create an administrative unit to coordinate bonding activities Process the allocation of resources for bonding activities Integrate bonding activities within the functions of the teaching staff Promote to the members of the department the participation in university extension activities.
Contribution to the environment:
- Encourage department members to carry out extension activities. Design training plans for communities with the participation of teachers and students. Encourage the participation of department members in solving community problems through extension activities.
Analysis unit: Management
Personnel management
- Promote the balance between the teaching, research, extension and management functions carried out by teachers. Take the necessary steps to achieve a better budget allocation. Request administrative personnel assignment. Design a permanent training plan for administrative personnel. Formally define the functions, responsibility and authority of the members of the department.Use organizational tools to improve the organization of the departmentApply the use of didactic interactions for conflict management in the department.
Process management
- Establish mechanisms to improve communication channels. Assign responsibilities for monitoring requests, complaints and suggestions. Start a process analysis program to detect key tasks and strengthen processes. Promote the participation of department members in improving of the processes
Quality management
- Create commissions or committees for quality management. Develop permanent plans for improving the quality of education with the participation of all members of the department. Keep staff duly informed about their professional performance and support the improvement actions that are They require permanent assessment and monitoring of staff performance processes, formulate quality policies that contribute to institutional improvement.
Facilities:
- Carry out the procedures to improve the equipment in the classrooms, laboratory and library. Promote the permanent maintenance of the classrooms, laboratory and library. Manage the allocation of cubicles for all teachers in the department. Manage the creation of a laboratory for the exclusive use of career in business administration.Request before the respective authorities the prompt reactivation of the facilities destined to the cafetín.
Evaluation of the Improvement Plan
In the proposed improvement plan, we have foreseen the establishment of its evaluation, so that the evaluative review is carried out in a timely manner and the feedback of the activities is guaranteed.
The evaluation of the improvement plan will be carried out in two modalities. On the one hand, a partial evaluation is proposed at each of the moments indicated in the timing of activities: first year (short term), second year (medium term) and third year (long term).
At each of these moments, the evaluation must show the results that have occurred during the period or, perhaps, those that have ceased to occur.
On the other hand, a general evaluation of the entire improvement plan will be carried out, will be carried out at the end of the plan and must be comprehensive.
To carry out the evaluation, it is proposed to create, before the implementation of the plan, a Commission to ensure monitoring and evaluation.
The Strategic Plan
The Strategic Plan is an action program that consists of clarifying what we intend to achieve and how we intend to achieve it. This programming must be embodied in a consensus document where we will specify the major decisions that will guide our progress towards the intended purpose.
- What will the strategic plan contain? What questions should you answer? Mission Statement. What is our reason to be? What gives us life and meaning? Strategic vision. Where do we want to go? Propositions; Strategic objectives. What do we do well? What do we want to do? Action plan; Evaluation regulations. How will we get to that future?
If in the previous steps we see that it is essential to ensure the participation and agreement of the largest number of people (involved), the drafting of the strategic plan should be entrusted to a person or a very small group, to collect the information generated, systematize and present in an orderly fashion.
Presentation. Delimitation of strategic priorities, definition of scenarios, structure of objectives
- Introduction Mission and Vision Analysis of the current situation. Diagnosis Formulate strategies. Prioritize. Action plan. Operative plan
Once the strategic plan has been drawn up, it is advisable to circulate it so that it can be reviewed by the different participants before its final drafting.
Communicate. It is necessary to communicate at all levels of the organization and explain in detail.
Proposal of Academic Load of the career of Business Administration
As I said earlier, you must stop training employees, you must train a business administrator who is prepared to create your own business or company. Although most of them do not have the possibilities or the resources to start their own companies, even for many young people who choose to study this career, this is one of their future plans.
Our proposal, for the design of the curricular load for the Business Administration career, for UNAH takes most of the current general subjects. Eliminate those that do not contribute anything to specific training and transfer other subjects to the field of electives, to include new subjects of business orientation and thus facilitate the future professional to create his own business.
Based on the above, in our proposal we have determined five free elective subjects and established the modular system (professional orientation), so that when someone enters a specific module, such as Tourism Management, they must take the four subjects of that module.
As there is the Entrepreneur Training Module, it remains the same, but I recommend reading the “Observations on the Entrepreneur Program”. And for those who do not attend this program, in addition to Business I (Business Creation I), they must be given the opportunity to acquire ideas on how to generate business (that is why the Business Ideas course has been introduced, with at least 30 ideas). Information is on the Internet, but its assimilation must be structured.
A structure of five subjects per period is maintained. Regarding English and Computation I and II. We have concluded that in one or two periods there will be no experts in these subjects. Therefore, observing that if a large number of students carry computers, they already have knowledge in that field. Therefore, it would be best to require them, as a graduation requirement, a certificate, from academies chosen by the department, that they know how to use the Office and surf the Internet. As for English, they may also be required to have a certificate that they have somehow passed two or more English modules at an academy chosen by the department. Any fraud with these certificates is harmed by the future professional.
We keep most of the current subjects, but we recommend reviewing their content, to achieve the practicality of the knowledge acquired. As an example in the statistical agenda, some subtopics that are not vital for a business administrator (such as quartiles, deciles and percentiles and others of statistical inference) can be ignored, since the deepening of these contents should be left to a professional of the subject. It would be better for future professionals to undergo a process of carrying out more practical exercises.
In the same order of thought, we propose to change the name of some subjects, without changing their fundamental content or their identification code; as an example, Integrated Management Control (new) instead of Comprehensive Evaluation of the Company, with the same identification of it. Operations Research (new and with content of Quantitative Models for Decision Making), instead of the current Operations Administration, and include Production Administration with content more oriented to the operational aspect of the company.
Integrate other subjects such as Organizational Behavior and Organizational Development in a single subject: Behavior and Organizational Development (as other universities have it) with the identification DAE-900 that currently corresponds to Organizational Development.
The subject is not included: CE-090 Research Methods and Techniques, because it is studied (with greater practicality) in the thesis or graduation seminar (see the text that is used).
On the other hand, it must be advocated that all the subjects are served by the professors of the degree, justifying the need to give a character and business orientation to the subject. It is not recommended that officials from other careers, or Deans, manipulate the Business Administration curriculum, only to favor professors from other areas, as in the recent past.
Proposal
|
Period |
Code |
Subject |
UV |
Requirements |
I |
DET-175 | Quantitative Methods I |
5 |
None |
| FF-101 | Philosophy |
4 |
None | |
| SC-101 | Sociology |
4 |
None | |
| HH-101 | History of Honduras |
4 |
None | |
| EG-011 | General Spanish |
4 |
None | |
| RR-151-158 | Art or Sport |
3 |
None | |
|
II |
DET-280 | Quantitative Methods II |
5 |
DET-175 |
| DAE-300 | Administration I |
4 |
SC-101 | |
| CF-014 | Accounting I |
4 |
DET-175 | |
| BI-130 | Environmental education |
3 |
None | |
| EG-025 | General Writing |
4 |
None | |
|
III |
DET-385 | Quantitative Methods III |
5 |
DET-280 |
| DAE-400 | Administration II |
4 |
DAE-300 | |
| CF-035 | Accounting II |
4 |
CF-014 | |
| DAE-405 | Business and Law |
4 |
DAE-300 | |
| CE-020 | Fundamentals of Economics |
4 |
DET-175 | |
|
IV |
DAE-610 | Quantitative Analysis I |
4 |
DET-385 |
| CF-030 | Quantitative Methods in Finance I |
4 |
DET-385, CF-035 | |
| DAE-505 | Administrative Accounting I |
4 |
CF-035 | |
| DAE-600 | Human Resources Administration I |
4 |
DAE-400, DAE-405 | |
| CE-040 | Microeconomics |
4 |
CE-020, DET-385 | |
|
V |
DAE-710 | Quantitative Analysis II |
4 |
DAE-610 |
| DAE-605 | Administrative Accounting II |
4 |
DAE-505 | |
| DAE-700 | Human Resources Administration II |
4 |
DAE-600/610 | |
| DAE-615 | Marketing I |
4 |
CE-040, DAE-610 | |
| CE-075 | Macroeconomy |
4 |
CE-040 | |
SAW |
DAE-730 | Operations research |
4 |
DAE-710 |
| DAE-705 | Financial Administration I |
4 |
DAE-605 | |
| DAE-720 | Marketing II |
4 |
DAE-615 | |
| DAE-910 | Process management |
4 |
DAE-710 | |
| DAE-620 | Companies I
(Creation of companies I) |
4 |
V Full period | |
VII |
DAE-830 | Production Management |
4 |
DAE-730/910 |
| DAE-805 | Financial Administration II |
4 |
DAE-705 | |
| DAE-815 | Market research |
4 |
DAE-710/720 | |
| DAE-900 | Organizational Behavior and Development |
4 |
DAE-700 | |
| ----- | Elective I (Select one of the module) |
4 |
VI full period | |
| DAE-725 | Companies II (Entrepreneur Program) |
4 |
DAE-620 | |
|
VIII |
DAE-110 | Formulation and Execution of Projects |
4 |
DAE-805 |
| DAE-715 | Advertising and Sales |
4 |
DAE-815 | |
| DAE-905 | Financial markets |
4 |
DAE-805 | |
| DAE-100 | Integrated Management Control |
4 |
DAE-900 | |
| ----- | Elective II (Select one of the module) |
4 |
Elective I | |
| DAE-825 | Companies III (Entrepreneur Program) |
4 |
DAE-725 | |
|
IX |
DAE-940 | Information systems for decision making |
4 |
DAE-100 |
| DAE-840 | International Business Management |
4 |
DAE-715/905 | |
| DAE-850 | Business Ideas |
4 |
DAE-110 | |
| DAE-860 | Commercial Distribution |
4 |
DAE-715 | |
| ----- | Elective III (Select one of the module) |
4 |
Elective II | |
| DAE-920 | Companies IV (Entrepreneur Program) |
4 |
DAE-825 | |
X |
DAE-105 | Strategic management |
4 |
DAE-940 |
| DAE-915 | Trading techniques and strategies |
4 |
DAE-100/940 | |
| DAE-945 | Hygiene and industrial security |
4 |
DAE-830 | |
| DAE-950 | Professional and Business Ethics |
4 |
DAE-850 | |
| DAE-940 | Business consulting |
4 |
DAE-100 | |
| ----- | Elective IV (Select one of the module) |
4 |
Elective III | |
| DAE-930 | Companies V (Entrepreneur Program) |
4 |
DAE-920 |
Entrepreneurial program
| DAE-620 | Companies I (Creation of Companies I) |
4 |
V Full period |
| DAE-725 | Companies II (Creation of Companies II) |
4 |
DAE-620 |
| DAE-825 | Companies III (Development of the entrepreneur profile) |
4 |
DAE-725 |
| DAE-920 | Companies IV (strategies for business growth and development) |
4 |
DAE-825 |
| DAE-930 | Companies V (Franchise Development, Export Plans) |
4 |
DAE-920 |
General Electives:
If the student chooses one of these, they cannot take a specific professional orientation module.
| DAE-115 | Globalization |
4 |
DAE-815 |
| DAE-135 | Consumer behavior |
4 |
DAE-935 |
| DAE-510 | Fundamentals of Total Quality |
4 |
None |
| DAE-820 | Productivity Management |
4 |
DAE-730 |
| DAE-935 | Electronic Commerce |
4 |
DAE-705 |
Specific modules of Professional Orientation, of 4 subjects, each one (the student must compulsorily study the entire module.
| Tourism Management |
4 |
| Hotel management |
4 |
| Restaurant Management |
4 |
| Event management |
4 |
| Health Services Management |
4 |
| Tourism Management | |
| DAE-200 | Fundamentals of tourism |
| DAE-205 | Tourist resources (ecology and sustainable tourism) |
| DAE-210 | Marketing and sale of tourist services |
| DAE-215 | Tourism business management |
| Hotel management | |
| DAE-220 | The hotel company and its services. |
| DAE-225 | Marketing and sale of hotel services. |
| DAE-230 | Location and infrastructure. |
| DAE-235 | Hotel operations management. |
| Restaurant Management | |
| DAE-240 | Restaurant operations management. |
| DAE-245 | Restaurant service processes |
| DAE-250 | Gastronomy and food handling |
| DAE-255 | Marketing and customer service strategy |
| Event management | |
| DAE-260 | Importance and elements of the services. |
| DAE-265 | Design and planning of the service experience |
| DAE-270 | The creation of value and service |
| DAE-275 | Event operations management |
| Health Services Management | |
| DAE-280 | Health services administration |
| DAE-285 | Marketing of health services |
| DAE-290 | Quality management of health services |
| DAE-295 | Health infrastructure management |
Observations on the Entrepreneur Program
The training of entrepreneurial professionals must contribute to the strengthening of the social capital of the countries, because entrepreneurial students must develop attitudes, skills and behaviors that allow them to progress in their professional career and, at the same time, achieve the development of the necessary tools for a better coexistence and social interaction.
The Entrepreneurs program must offer a comprehensive education in administration, marketing and finance; allowing entrepreneurs to create and design their own company and intra-entrepreneurs to reorganize or reinvent companies
Our presentation makes an approximation between the attitudes, aptitudes and knowledge that the young entrepreneur requires in his first years of life and the strategies that his entrepreneurial training should require.
For the entire program, we suggest a sequence of the main activities that must be completed in the development of the future entrepreneur:
- Prepare a Business Plan and the mathematical-financial calculations required for it. Implement those planned in the previous numeral, through your own company obtaining financing and evaluating the allocation of resources, teamwork, process management. productive and financial, among others. Design a project, its management capacity and scope will be evaluated. Finance and implement the plans in section 3, through the raising of risk capital. Through public or private, family or private, national or international financing. They can focus on companies that offer products to the national market or projects aimed at the international market. Prepare the Business Plan for a product, aimed at the national market.Internationalize the product launched in number 5, through the export of samples and distribution channel strategies aimed at customers in potential markets. Globalize the project that internationalizes in number 6. Make a project of Social Entrepreneurship of great impact and inclusive character.
Possibly it is enough to adapt the current content of said program with the proposed sequence.
Entrepreneurship learning model
Teaching of business administration. Pension update
Notes on the new subjects in the general program
CE-020 Fundamentals of Economics
Economics deals with issues that arise in relation to meeting the needs of individuals and society.
The economy is concerned with the way in which scarce resources are managed, in order to produce various goods and distribute them for consumption among members of society.
What the economy intends is to offer a method to order and establish priorities, when making decisions about the individual or collective needs that you want to satisfy.
With the change of name of this subject, what is intended is that there are no subjects with the name of "principles", which is used as a set of maxims on certain issues or concepts. Foundations is a set of initial principles from which a thing is elaborated, established or created. The foundation is the assurance of reasoning. The name "foundations" is the foundation on which an issue rests and develops.
The main topics to be covered in this matter would be:
- Key concepts of the theme Scarcity and efficiency Free goods and economic goods Macroeconomics and microeconomics Normative and positive economy Key problems of economic organization Choice between production possibilities Factors and products Productive efficiency and inefficiency Opportunity cost
Bibliography:
DAE-100 Integrated Management Control
The current protracted economic crisis has revealed some weaknesses in the control systems of many organizations and, therefore, has reinforced the relevance of this managerial function.
Therefore, although it is common to associate management control with the monitoring of accounting figures due to its ability to synthesize global results, management control requires a broader and deeper perspective, which delves into the evaluation of the parameters that explain the future financial results.
Consequently, the situation and evolution of the company must be evaluated, also, by other indicators of an operational nature, more linked to its activities. An effective management control system must be preventive with the aim of avoiding adverse deviations rather than explaining them once they have occurred.
The main topics to be covered in this matter would be:
- Management excellence Business crises Organizational performance evaluation Organizational diagnosis Management indicators SWOT analysis Integrated management control Change planning
DAE-730 Operations Research
Operations Research (IO) or Operations Research is a branch of mathematics that makes use of mathematical models and algorithms with the aim of being used to support decision-making. It is sought that the solutions obtained are significantly more efficient (in time, resources, benefits, costs, etc.) compared to those decisions made intuitively or without the support of a decision-making tool.
Operations Research models are frequently used to tackle a wide variety of problems of a real nature in engineering and social sciences, which has allowed companies and organizations significant benefits and savings associated with their use.
The main topics to be covered in this matter would be:
- Operations ResearchQuantitative Models for Decision MakingDecision TheoryGame TheoryLinear ProgrammingDual Issue, Construction and MeaningThe Transportation ProblemThe Allocation ProblemDynamical ProgrammingOperational PlanningManagement of Machines or EquipmentLimited Resource NetworkingLine Line ModelsSystems and Models Inventory
DAE-830 Production Administration
Production Administration is the study area that provides the knowledge, models, and tools for decision-making in the design, operation, and improvement of a production system.
This course includes a series of knowledge that involves a complete production management plan, including important aspects such as product design, determination of production capacity, geographical location of the plant, production process, type of technology, distribution of the plant, etc.
In Production Administration, the student will know and manage concepts, tools and models that will enable him to make decisions in the conception of the production system, trying to present optimal and viable results in the modeling of the object of study.
The main topics to be covered in this matter would be:
- The production system The servuction system The production administration as a competitive advantage The function of the administration of the production Strategy of operations and strategic operative decisions Tools for the analysis and resolution of operative problems Product decisions, process and technology. Decisions on long and short term capacity, location and internal distribution of plants. Decisions on quality and labor policy. Decisions on production and supply planning.
DAE-840 International Business Management
This course aims to provide appropriate skills to know the global nature of business. Offer the multicultural sensitivity necessary to be able to work in global environments under diverse cultural and ethical perspectives. Allow to identify, evaluate and exploit the opportunities that a global environment provides to companies that compete in international markets.
The main topics to be covered in this matter would be:
- Global Business PlanningGlobal Marketing StrategiesGlobal Strategic AnalysisHuman Resources Management in Global ContextsInternational Market ResearchMarketing and Service ManagementInternational Marketing CommunicationInternational Logistics and DistributionInternational FinanceInternational Business Law
DAE-850 Business Ideas
This course is a guide that will explain what business ideas are; How to generate, evaluate and choose them to improve a business. Number 40 is the minimum number of ideas that would be examined in class. There are several mechanisms to generate business ideas. The first has to do with the ability to create ideas, while the second is to evaluate ideas that others have already proposed.
You don't need to have a lot of money or have a lot of experience to start a business, there are profitable businesses where you can start with a small investment. Of course, you should study the different business ideas that exist and know which one best suits our interests.
The main topics to be covered in this matter would be:
- What is a business idea? What are the requirements for an idea to be successful? Sources for generating business ideas Brainstorming (Internet-based) Identification of the most suitable business idea Evaluation of business idea Put into practice of business idea
DAE-860 Commercial Distribution
Distribution is one of the aspects or variables of the marketing mix. It is part of the so-called "Four P's" of classic marketing. The other three original parts are product, price and promotion; Currently, people, processes and physical evidence are added in the case of service marketing.
Distribution is about how to physically deliver the product (good or service) to the consumer; commercial distribution is responsible for increasing the time value and the place value of a good. For example, a refreshing drink has a value for its brand, image… commercial distribution increases the time and place value by making it available to the customer when and where they need or want to buy it.
The main topics to be covered in this matter would be:
1. Decisions on distribution
2. Distribution channels
to. Types of intermediaries
b. Channel members
c. Channel structure
d. Interior market
and. Channel decisions
3. Channel management
to. Quality of channel members
b. Channel motivation
c. Monitor and manage the channel
d. Vertical marketing
and. Horizontal marketing
DAE-900 Organizational Behavior and Development
Organizational Development has become the instrument par excellence for change in search of achieving greater organizational efficiency, an indispensable condition in today's world, characterized by intense competition at the national and international level.
This course is aimed at training people capable of understanding organizations, as well as planning, coordinating and designing intervention programs and organizational change in the areas of processes, structures and behaviors, applying administrative techniques and behavioral sciences to promote a organizational efficiency and health environment.
The main topics to be covered in this matter would be:
- Business Organization, Human Behavior, Organizational Behavior, Organizational Change, Organizational Development, Organizational Communication, Organizational Culture, Organizational Environment, Organizational Social Processes.
DAE-915 Trading techniques and strategies
Despite the fact that negotiations are social processes that take place continuously, it is not easy to do it well, and we have rarely bothered to develop negotiation techniques that help us to cope with the many situations that we continually face. Our negotiating ability can be greatly improved if we apply certain criteria and methods, and exercise ourselves in certain skills.
The objectives of this course are: to know how to prepare, conduct and close a successful negotiation, to identify what type of information we need to gather before starting to negotiate, to know the stages of the negotiation process and to establish the most appropriate strategy for the interests of the parties, develop negotiation tactics that promote the win-win approach, know how to reach a satisfactory solution for all actors.
It includes criteria on how to formulate strategies, apply tactics, choose the most appropriate negotiation method, properly select a negotiating team or define, based on our personal characteristics, which is the most appropriate negotiation style.
The main topics to be covered in this matter would be:
- Human nature. Conflict of interests. Opportunities for negotiation. The art of negotiation. Power in negotiation. Basic principles for negotiation. Different techniques in the negotiation process. The negotiation process. The decision-making process. Communication overview The role of questions Mediation and arbitration
DAE-940 Business Consulting
The business or organizational consulting activity in general has always been recognized as a highly useful professional service to help managers of organizations to identify and define the main problems that affect their organizations to achieve their fundamental purposes, their emanating objectives. of the mission, analyze the causes that provoke it, identifying the root causes and project actions for its improvement and that these be implemented. The consultant's current work as "change agent" implies the transfer of knowledge, Know How and the training of the personnel of the organizations, implicitly or explicitly.
The main topics to be covered in this matter would be:
- Consulting and consultant The organizational consulting process and its generally accepted stages Organizations and their problems, How to approach the solution of problems in organizations in general Performance indicators a key element for decision-making Instruments to analyze and present data Instruments to plan actions Processes for improvement; methodological considerations and approaches continuous improvement of productivity and quality common situations facing the consultant in productivity and quality key aspects for the start of the intervention
DAE-945 Industrial hygiene and safety
Interest in workers' health and measures to reduce accidents have developed acceptably in most industrialized countries, although this does not mean that they have solved all their problems in this regard, but have made significant progress in aspects such as the implementation of the health service at work and in companies, the training of human resources dedicated to this area of knowledge, the enactment of laws and regulations to more fairly govern work performance.
Safety and hygiene applied to workplaces has the objective of safeguarding life and preserving the health and physical integrity of workers by issuing regulations aimed at providing them with the conditions for work, as well as training and train them to avoid, as far as possible, occupational diseases and accidents.
The main topics to be covered in this matter would be:
- Basic Concepts. Industrial Safety and Hygiene. Accident Chain. Accident Prevention. Maintenance in the Prevention of Occupational Risks. Analysis of the causes of the Accident. Pollutant Agents. Occupational Diseases. Conception of Mixed Commissions.
DAE-950 Professional and Business Ethics
Every profession carries on its shoulders the weight of serious duties and deep responsibilities, which the professional can only overcome if he puts his knowledge at the service of a fine and delicate conscience. The professional is obliged to love the truth, to dedicate himself fully to scientific research and to practice good in all its gradations.
Talking about Business Ethics and Social Responsibility can be relatively easy when one imagines that an audience will face a tendency to promote the generosity and altruism of businessmen by those who are not. But this facility disappears and becomes difficult when confronted interlocutors who are entrepreneurs and, as such, have to strive to maintain prosperous businesses in today's globalized world, dominated more than ever by the laws of the market.
The main topics to be covered in this matter would be:
- Human needs and their satisfaction Ethics as a science The person, subject of ethics The theory of values What is a profession? Professional ethics Social responsibility of the company Business ethics Ethics, leadership and management Applied ethics problems Entrepreneurial behavior
The Future of Administration
Where is administrative science going in the future? What transformations will take place? What will be its scope and impact? What new knowledge and tools will appear? How will management schools operate in the training of their professionals? What should be the new managerial leadership?
The above would be some of the many questions that are being generated, according to the behavior of the administration. We are concerned with what competencies a good administrator should have in the future, what their profile should be and what knowledge they should acquire to guarantee a successful performance in the exercise of their profession.
Of course, given the behavior of the new economic scenarios where changes are accelerated, generating threats, but also opportunities, uncertainties, risks, it becomes necessary to have a managerial leadership that knows how to interpret, confront and generate the necessary transformations to apply the knowledge that administrative science provides. You cannot stay grounded with knowledge and administrative tools from the past.
What to do?
We must train professionals who are trained according to the requirements that the present demands, complying with all the requirements that the Knowledge Society imposes and also, integrate with the new communications that modern computing presents. Specifically, requiring the definition of a new administrator profile.
