«Pre feasibility study of a fattening farm for Muscovy Creole Ducks
The Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) is a large duck native to Mexico, Central America, and South America. Small wild and feral breeding populations have established themselves in the United States, particularly in the lower Texas Rio Grande Valley, as well as in many other parts of North America, including southern Canada. Wild Barbary Ducks are found in New Zealand and have also been reported in some parts of Europe.
They are a large duck, with males measuring around 76 cm in length, and weighing up to 15 pounds. Females are much smaller, and only grow to 7 pounds, about half the size of males. The bird is predominantly black and white, with the feathers on its back it is iridescent and shiny in males, while females are more monotonous. The amount of white on the neck and head is variable, as well as the count, which can be yellow, pink, black, or any mixture of these. They may have white spots or bars on the wings, which become more evident during flight. Both sexes have pink or red beards throughout the bill, those of the male are larger and brighter colors.
Although the Muscovy duck is a tropical bird, it is well adapted to colder climates, thrives in cold weather like -12 ° C (10 ° F), and able to survive even colder conditions. In general, Barbary Duck is the term used for C. moschata in a culinary context.
The species is divided into two subspecies. The wild subspecies, Cairina moschata sylvestris, which is commonly known in Spanish as the true duck ("mallard") throughout most of its natural range.
The domestic subspecies, Cairina moschata domestica, is commonly known in Spanish as the creole duck ("creole duck"). They have been bred since pre-Columbian times by Native Americans and are heavier and less capable of flying long distances than wild subspecies. The color of their plumage are also more variable. Other names for the domestic subspecies in Spanish are pato pato ("backyard duck") and the mute duck ("mute duck").
1.2 Justification and Objectives:
Since our country is deficient in terms of the production of protein of animal origin, of which its consumption is an index of development of the peoples, it is very important to look for different alternatives that allow us to increase the production and productivity of species that can contribute to decrease this deficit and also make it possible for the population to reach it.
In this sense, raising ducks for meat production is presented as an important alternative, recognizing the ability of these birds to use coarse food, the speed of growth, their greater resistance to diseases and hardiness that allow them to be raised in less environmental conditions. stricter than other birds, and thus offer a low-cost protein-rich food in a short time.
Among the meat-producing duck breeds, in our environment we have the variety of Creole ducks, which is recognized as the one with the highest growth rate. It is due to its great aptitude to produce meat that it is convenient to carry out economic evaluations of its exploitation and disseminate its results in our environment to stimulate its upbringing.
On the other hand, the use of commercial feed is common within duck farms, which results in a competitively expensive product in relation to meat chicken. Hence the importance of updating the information referring to the results of the investigations carried out on the raising and fattening of ducks and since there are no studies on the ages and food supplies to obtain the greatest benefits, it is necessary to carry out studies that tend to improve productivity rates.
Objective
- The main objective for the installation of our farm is the economic one. You want to make a fattening trying as much as possible to use a modern technology according to the magnitude of our exploitation trying to minimize costs and obtain the maximum utility.
- Give employment to the settlers who are under the farm's area of influence and thus contribute to their standard of living.
- Offer an alternative source of animal protein to the country that generally suffers from a shortage of quality animal protein.
- Use the beneficiaries' own resources, such as land.
1.3 Location:
The farm will be located in the department. from Lima, Pope Leo XIII sector.
1.4 Beneficiaries:
Settlers in the area (by providing them with a new source of work), helping them to improve the socio-economic level of the area.
1.5 Background and previous studies carried out with the project:
In the area, there are several duck farms, which have an offer, the end product of which is destined for the same wholesale wholesaler; which has a demand for duck meat whose volume is feasible to be covered with the total production of all these farms so there would be no competition between them.
Likewise, our farm will help improve the socio-economic level of the area.
Chapter II
Market study
2.1 Definition of the geographic areas of influence in the market:
The geographic scope covered by the project includes the Lima area and nearby areas.
Our product will be destined for shopping centers in Lima, and for export. Fundamentally the Export.
2.2.1 Characterization and uses of the main and secondary
Products: The main product is duck meat, and as secondary products we have the liver, feathers, the bed at the end of breeding, which could be sold as fertilizer for agriculture. This fertilizer is an excellent organic fertilizer with a high concentration of Nitrogen.
2.2.2 Identification of Consumers:
Our main orientation is towards the foreign market (export)
2.3 Analysis of the Product Offering:
Among the main international producers of ducks are Asia, occupying the first place, followed by the European countries, the United States, Chile and Brazil; the latter, the largest producer in this hemisphere (FAO, 2005).
Europeans are recognized for being the best industrializers, such is the example of the famous duck liver pate and other types of non-traditional sausages that distinguish them worldwide.
In 2007, Mexico only had one company that produced the famous liver pate, known as foie gras. As a point of comparison, at that time, duck liver pate was sold for $ 90 dollars per kilogram, the rest of the animal was processed into hams, fat, brisket, feathers for making pillows, among others; With this, the maximum economic yield was obtained (Chef Premier, 2007).
The production of foie gras in France is increasing remarkably due to the improvement in production techniques, the genetic selection of the producing species (Rousselot-Pailley, 1997) and the increasing increase in demand from other countries, among which we can mention Switzerland, Spain, Belgium, Germany and Japan. 80% of French foie gras is produced in south-western France, although other regions on the Atlantic side are also increasing their production. According to data from the French Customs Department, the French Interprofessional Committee of Fat Palmípedas (CIFOG) and OFIVAL (Office National Interprofessionel des Viandes, de l´Elevage et de l´Aviculture), the production of foie gras was 15,000 Tm in 1999, 14% higher than in 1998. French exports of foie gras amounted in 1999 to 2,155 tonnes,which represented an increase of 38.7% compared to the previous year. In 2001, exports already stood at 2,532.9 tons, 10% higher, broken down as follows: 1,045.7 tons of fresh foie gras (Table 2), 279.5 tons of frozen foie gras (Table 3) and 1,207.7 tons of canned foie gras. Finally, exports of French foie gras amounted to 2,838 MT in 2002, with the distribution: 1,144 MT of fresh foie gras (Table 2), 331.9 MT of frozen foie gras (Table 3) and 1,362.1 MT of canned foie gras.Exports of French foie gras amounted to 2,838 Tm in 2002, distributed: 1,144 Tm of fresh foie gras (Table 2), 331.9 Tm of frozen foie gras (Table 3) and 1,362.1 Tm of canned foie gras.Exports of French foie gras amounted to 2,838 Tm in 2002, distributed: 1,144 Tm of fresh foie gras (Table 2), 331.9 Tm of frozen foie gras (Table 3) and 1,362.1 Tm of canned foie gras.
2.4 Demand Analysis:
2.5. Prices and marketing systems:
2.5.1. Current prices and sale price formation
Wholesale Price $ 1.86 Kg.
2.6.2 Marketing margins in the chain of intermediaries
Gross marketing margin: 38.46%
Gross margin of the wholesaler: 16.9%
Gross margin of the retailer: 21.5%
2.6.3 Favorable aspects to enter the products in the local, regional and / or national markets:
The favorable aspect is that the same wholesaler who buys the production from the other farms is the one who buys our production, so our sales are assured.
The investment is low cost.
The weight gain of these animals is fast, so the production process will be short.
2.6 Project market:
Export.
2.7.1 Marketing system proposed for the project:
All of our production will be used for the meat, feather and Foie Gras treatment process.
The Marketing system will be the export system on request to Foreign Companies, without ruling out Own Points of Sale abroad.
Chapter III
Size and location:
3.1 Size alternative to analyze:
3.1.1 Market-size relationship:
The farm will have four sheds, each with a capacity for 600 ducks. The sheds will be divided into two parts or pens and 300 ducks will be kept in each pen.
In Twelve months approximately 11058 ducks will be able to be commercialized, at month 1,200 and at week 300, according to the attached sales plan. 100% of the installed capacity will be operated.
3.1.1 Size-availability ratio of raw materials:
The area facilitates the availability of raw materials for the production of food for heating, water, electricity, etc.
3.1.1 Size-return-financial capacity ratio:
What you want is to have a good return; As there are no major problems with respect to the market and the availability of inputs, the size chosen is the ideal one for obtaining good income, which is attached to financial capacity.
The unit and total costs obtained in our operation are in accordance with the sale prices set by the market.
3.2 Location:
Pope Leo XIII, Lima.
3.2.1 Geographical location:
Our project is located in the department of Lima, province of Lima, 3.2.2 Analysis of the factors that justify the location:
3.2.2.1 Close to consumption centers:
The farm is located close to the markets in Lima.
3.2.2.2 Closeness to raw materials and supplies:
In general terms, due to the location of the farm, it is seen to be close to the suppliers of supplies in Lima.
3.2.2.3 Availability of infrastructure (access to energy, water, sewage, etc.):
You will have access to all the essential requirements, such as water and electricity.
It will be connected to the National Network of water and electricity, in addition the land has already made the drainage facilities, only a water pump will be purchased, and a general tank, to be able to distribute it to the tanks of each shed.
Chapter IV
Project engineering
4.1 Description and characteristics of the production process:
The type of exploitation will be intensive, that is, the ducks will remain in confinement throughout the production process. Birds will be offered adequate facilities and equipment, and a set of management practices that will lead to positive results and maximize benefits.
All the facilities and equipment are quite similar to those for raising meat chickens.
For duck meat: The ducks will be sold to the group of supermarkets and customers abroad.
300 BB ducklings will be purchased each week to offset sales.
The food will be manufactured on the farm itself as it will have a mixer.
The bed that is a by-product will not be marketed, because it is obtained per week and the quantity of it is minimal to be marketed.
Of the eight pens, which will be available, three will be used exclusively for the start period, at the end of this stage three weeks the ducks will be transferred to the final pens, where they will be seven weeks, which is the fattening period until sale.
4.2 Characteristics of the chosen breed:
Creole ducks will be used for the investment project, which is considered the most widespread and commercially explored variety. This is a breed native to Peru, it was taken to different parts of the world, especially France, and it was improved.
The general characteristics of these birds are the following: Medium-sized birds, very rustic, of insurmountable earliness, very easy to drive due to their great docility and the great weight they reach and in a short time, 2.83 kg in ten weeks, which is the age at which it is customary to market them.
On the other hand, since the duck is obtained by artificial incubation, its industrial upbringing is guaranteed.
4.3 Project requirements:
4.3.1 Land, total area, plant layout:
The land located in Papa Leon XIII, has an area of 5000 m2
The layout of the plant is seen in the attached plan.
4.3.2 Installations, civil works, warehouses, etc.
: The following will be built within the land available:
- Four sheds of 33m * 6m
- A shed of 15m * 6m
- A roof for storing and preparing food
- An office.
- Warehouse for tools, supplies and equipment.
- Bath.
The construction of the shed will be carried out as follows:
The floor will be of earth, the posts will be of eucalyptus sticks, the base of these sticks will be inserted 50 cm. on land; To sink these sticks, 30 cm x 30 cm and 50 cm deep holes will be dug, the remaining space in each hole will be filled with a cyclopean concrete mixture, to give it greater stability.
The roof will also be built with eucalyptus sticks, and covered with pitch-covered black underlay.
In the entire parameter of the shed, a 1 mt fishing mesh will be placed. high, nailed to the studs and black burlap hangers will also be hung from the ceiling to perform temperature control.
The construction of the food store, the equipment and tools store as well as the office and the bathroom will also be erected with eucalyptus sticks, burlap and pitch. Always in the center of these last installations a stick will be placed in the center and two sticks crossed in the ceiling to give greater stability.
Requirements for constructions:
For the 5 sheds:
• Eucalyptus
sticks: - 134 sticks 5 ″ * 3 m
- 20 sticks 6 ″ * 4 m
- 18 sticks 6 ″ * 5 m
- 108 sticks 4 ″ * 7 m
- 39 sticks 3 ″ * 3 m
- 206 sticks 3 ″ * 6m
• Burlap for the sides of the house:
- Parameter for a house 66 + 12 = 78 * 4 = 312
- For the small house 33 + 12 = 45
- Total = 312 + 45 = 357 m + 6 m * 4 = 24 = 381 m
- Two rolls of 3m * 200m black burlap will be used and one 19m * 3m piece will be left over. (24 m for the central divisions of each house)
• Fishing mesh for the sides of the shed:
- For the parameter of the nine pens, which is a total of 312 + 45 = 357.
- The mesh is purchased by the kilogram and a piece of 2 * 10 m = 20 comes in each kilo. m. We cut the mesh in two and each piece measures 1 m * 10 m in total, 1 * 20 m 1n 1 kg, and for 357 m which is the parameter of the sheds we need:
1 kg __________ 20 m
x __________ 357 m
• For the roof of the sheds:
- The total length of all the sheds is 148.5 m
- The total width of the roof would be 7 m (one side 3.6 m and 3.4 m from the other)
- 148.5 * 2 = 297 m using burlap rolls, width 3 m, two rolls will be used and a piece of 103 * 3 is left over and 1 m of uncovered ceiling remains (0.6 one side and 0.4 the other) that is long 148.5 m. But with the remnants that can be covered.
The 19m * 3m piece is cut in three, lengthwise and covers 57m, 148.5m - 57m = 91.5m remain to be covered. Then I cut the 103m * 3m piece in two, a 1m * 103m piece and another 2m * 103m piece and cover the entire roof. There would be a piece of 103 m * 2 m and another of 11.5 m * 1 m.
With these pieces of burlap left over along with the nails left over from the construction of the shed and the remaining tar; All other facilities will be built, such as the office, the equipment warehouse, the food warehouse, etc. For this, the only thing you will have to buy are eucalyptus sticks, pitch and a 1m * 200 mt burlap roll.
4.3.3 Equipment:
Disinfection equipment:
1 spray pack
1 flamethrower
Feeding and handling equipment:
- 4 brooder hoods
- 12 cone type waterers
- 15 linear feeders of 1.20 m
- 14 Nordex plates
- 90 hopper feeders
- 72 linear waterers of 3.60 m
- 1 Fisher keys
- 3 thermometers
- 300 m of hose for water and gas
Plant equipment:
- 5 tanks of fiber block capacity 1 000 lit.
- 1 water pump
- 1 10,000 liter water tank
4.3.4 Machinery
- 1 mixer 500 kg / cycle, with cycle 30 ′)
- 1 platform scale of 500 Kg
- 1 clock scale of 10 Kg
- Mill with motor (three-phase current installation)
4.3.5 Furniture and fixtures:
- 1 desk
- 1 armchair
- 2 chairs
- 1 folding bed
4.3.6 Tools:
- 4 wheelbarrows
- 2 spoon shovels
- 9 buckets
- 5 pliers
- 3 hammers
- 1 set of screwdrivers
- 1 handsaw
4.3.7 Direct and indirect labor:
Nutritional requirements of Creole ducks:
The work carried out in recent decades on creole ducks, which have been carried out in Europe, has allowed the identification of the main nutritional requirements. Common foods usually do not contain all the nutrients in the amounts and proportions adjusted to the needs of the bird, so combinations of different foods should be made, to adjust as far as possible the composition of the diet with the needs of the animal.
By combining food, the energy, protein, and limiting amino acid, calcium and phosphorus requirements must be met. The rest of the nutrients are provided satisfactorily by balancing the critical nutrients or through preparations that are added to the ration. In the latter case, most of the vitamins and a number of trace elements are found.
In meat duck, the need for metabolizable energy varies from day to day, therefore, the best way to express it is through a range of levels in Kcal of ME / Kg. diet, which allows the duck, depending on its capacity, to consume the food in sufficient quantity to cover its daily requirement. Said range of metabolizable energy levels and approximate food consumption are considered during the initiation phase (0-3 weeks) and the finishing or fattening phase (3-10 months). An excess of energy would produce ducks more fatty to a small protein deficiency. In the practice of formulating food for meat ducks, the metabolizable energy levels are in the order of 2,800 to 3,000 Kcal of ME / Kg. diet, the most recommended being 2,900 for start and 2,800 for posture.Animals show a trend towards higher food consumption as it decreases in energy level of the diet.
Protein requirement in growing ducks is usually expressed for convenience as a percentage of the diet, being more precise if this value is related to the level of metabolizable energy in the diet, since caloric concentration is the main factor that determines the rate of food consumption. The higher the percentage of protein in the diet corresponds to a better energy level as well as a more efficient dietary conversion, that is, a lesser amount of food per Kilo weight gain.
The most used protein requirements are 17-19 at the beginning, 14-16% in growth and 12-13% in finish, corresponding to metabolizable energy levels of 2800 to 300 Kcal of ME / Kg. start or finish feed. Modern nutrition makes its formulas based on amino acid requirements, mainly limiting amino acids (which are not found at adequate levels in conventional inputs).
Table 7 shows the nutritional recommendations for Creole ducks recommended by INRA. Table N 8 shows the requirements for vitamins and mineral elements.
Feeding supplies:
According to the growth chart, food consumption and food convention.
The following amount of feed is calculated for all production:
Food consumption for the start until the third week: 0.755 kg for the 4,320 that will be reared in the first year gives a total of 3,261.6 kg.
Food consumption for fattening from the fourth week to the tenth week 8,291 kg which gives a total of 88613.20 Kg
Veterinary supplies
Vitamin complex (Vit B12) 2Kg (ANT EST reversa)
Disinfectant (Vanodine) gallon of 60 lit
Vaccines
No type of vaccination will be carried out, the health aspect will be managed through prevention, through careful disinfection of sheds. These will be burned and fumigated with the disinfectant after each upbringing, they will also have a week off between upbringing and upbringing.
4.4 Description of the project:
The project has a land whose total area is 5000 m², owned by the beneficiaries. 4 sheds of 33m * 6m and 1 shed of 16.5m * 6m will be built on this land. The large sheds will be divided into 2 pens, each one will have 16.5m * 6m, and this division will be made with burlap. In total there are 8 pens; of which 3 will be used exclusively for the start (03 weeks) which will be loaded with baby ducks with spaces of one week until completing the 3. Each time one of these 3 pens is emptied they will be refilled with baby ducks. Once each batch of ducks has completed its start period, it will be transferred to another definitive pen where its breeding will end until completing 10 weeks in total. In this way it is possible to have a weekly sale of 300 ducks.Once each shed finishes its fattening period, it will rest for a week, in which it will proceed to disinfect and clean it, as well as the equipment. After this week of rest, the corral will be refilled with the starting ducks that finish this period and so on.
For the preparation of food, 1 worker dedicated exclusively to this task will be required. Which will have the support of the barn; once they have finished their tasks, which include: rationing the food, changing the water and cleaning the drinking fountains, handling the hoods according to the temperature registered by the thermometers, handling the curtains, etc.
The administrative management will be in charge of the beneficiaries.
4.5 Production process itself:
4.5.1. Management:
The fattening of the ducks will have the following stages:
- Start: Period between the arrival of baby duck up to 3 weeks.
- Fattening: period between the 4th. week until 10th. week, moment in which the ducks will be commercialized:
An important handling is that of TºC in the Start period; for which the Temperature will be maintained in the following ranges by handling hoods and curtains:
Regarding management and equipment, there are:
+ For the Start period:
Density: 35 BB ducks / m².
The reception of the 300 baby ducks will be done in a 2.4 m diameter Nordex circle made with 4 plates.
Then the following equipment will be placed:
In addition, a 5 cm thick chip bed will be placed.
The circle will be expanded every week in order to give enough space to the ducks, likewise 1 drinker and 1 feeder will be increased every week until the end of the period.
The aforementioned management will be carried out in the three rearing pens.
+ For the fattening period:
Density: 3 ducks / m²
The ducks arrive at the fattening pens after three weeks of Start and in these the following equipment will be placed:
It should be noted that during the rest period of each shed it will be disinfected as follows:
All the equipment will be washed with water and detergent, then the bed will be collected and thrown away, and the shed will be burned all over, then 19% Vanodine will be fumigated.
The equipment will also be disinfected with Vanodine 10%.
In the starting pens the ducks are not thrown away as soon as they are moved, and the house and the equipment are fumigated with 10% Vanodine.
The rations have been formulated based on the requirements tables of the NRC 1994, making the pertinent nutrient calculations according to the energy level.
The feeding system to be used will be at the discretion, that is, the animals will always have food at their disposal and the food that will be used both in the beginning and in the finish will be powder.
4.5.3 Vaccines and Medicines Program:
The sanitary status of the birds will be observed daily, as well as any factor that may alter their growth.
No vaccination plan will be carried out, but appropriate preventive measures will be taken, such as fumigation and burning of sheds in order to avoid disease.
4.5.4 Handling of curtains:
The side curtains will be attached by means of pitas to the edges of the roof of the shed and will be lowered depending on the ambient TºC.
In the starting pens, when you want to lower the TºC, the first thing to do is turn off the hood and if the TºC is still high, the curtains are lowered. This management is done more than anything in summer.
In the finishing sheds in summer, the curtains remain down during the day and only on some nights the curtains go up depending on the ambient TºC and in winter during the days, not too cold, the curtains are down and if the ambient TºC falls too low during the day the curtain is raised at half height. during winter nights the curtains remain upstairs.
Our sheds have natural ventilation and therefore the prevailing winds are used for the purpose of circulating the air and cooling the sheds. Based on this is based our handling of curtains previously explained.
4.5.5 Lighting Program:
According to the production volume.
4.5.6 Controls and Records:
The barn will carry out the following controls:
- Average weight per week: taking a sample of 5% of the total of the birds they have in the barn.
- Daily food consumption.
- Mortality if it existed.
- Purchase and expense of Supplies.
- TºC of the maximum and minimum shed.
4.5.7 Transport to the market:
Once the ducks have benefited, they will be treated on the same floor and after packaging, sent to their destination.
FINANCIAL ECONOMIC EVALUATION Economic
Net Present Value (VANE)
In view of the fact that the VANE is positive, we have been able to determine that over the years the project will generate surpluses, which obviously will have covered the investment costs that involve the implementation of the farm. Therefore it is worth investing.
Net financial present value (VANF) Since
the VANF is greater than the VANE, the project becomes highly attractive because the adopted financial policy allows it.
Internal economic rate of return (TIRE)
The profitability of the project does not allow accepting higher financial costs. Because the installation of a duck farm incurred a series of heavy expenses.
Internal financial rate of return (IRRF)
As we can see, the IRRT is greater than TIRE, therefore the financing granted to the project is adequate and perhaps thus we can carry out greater financial expenses.
Balation benefit cost (B / C)
In view of the fact that the realization B / C is greater than one, we can say that the surplus generated covers operating costs and capital, thus generating greater benefits, therefore the investment is attractive.
Capital Recovery Period (PRC)
The capital recovery period is 7 years, with which we can say that the income will increase considerably due to the fact that in that same year the debt is finished.
Annual average profit (PAU)
The annual average profit is favorable because the income is greater than the costs incurred in the establishment of the farm and production process year by year.
Social evaluation of the project:
Product-capital ratio (P / C):
This value is telling us that the investment over the years is assured as it indicates that the project generates adequate and constant added value.
Labor productivity:
The project takes labor in terms of wages and despite this, we think that the calculated coefficient will be helping to improve the level of income per worker; because if the profits are increased this could receive a higher remuneration.
Capital Density (D / C):
In view of the fact that investment and profits in duck production are adverse, it makes it impossible or invisible to generate one more job because it would generate an increase in fixed costs.
CONCLUSIONS
- It has been determined that the area of Papa Leon Xiii, is suitable for the production of Pato Criollo because this area has the advantage over others; being close to raw materials and supplies, it has good availability of water and electricity, it has an excellent climate and also its access to the market is easy.
- Although the initial investment is not very high and neither is the return on capital, because the interest payment is being covered, this avian production has the advantage over others of not being very risky due to the characteristics of these birds, they are very rustic.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Start operations through a Pilot Project (500 birds), to observe the development.
Set up a meat and feathers treatment plant, parallel to the FOIE GRAS treatment.
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