Introduction
The administration has always played a very important role in our lives, without even knowing it it arises and has been applied for a long time when the needs of our ancestors to organize become essential to survive and subsequently establish order in the different types of societies.
Each type of administration was developed in a particular way for each one of them, allowing them to fulfill the desired objectives over time, whether it be obtaining and producing their own food, clothing or providing services until they had someone to guide them properly.
Over time, the concept of administration took shape as we evolved, which is why some experts have shared with us different definitions of it, which help us to have a broader view of everything that administration implies and can take us to have a proper definition of that term:
- Management is the way to get things done in the best possible way, using available resources to achieve goals. (CHIAVENATO, 2001) Administration consists of coordinating work activities so that they are carried out efficiently and effectively with and through other people. (ROBBINS & MARY, 2005) Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which, working in groups, individuals efficiently meet specific objectives. (KOONTZ HAROLD) American Management Association: Administration is the activity by which certain results are obtained through the effort and cooperation of others.
Personally: "Administration is the process by which we take advantage and direct all our resources (human, material and economic) in an effective and efficient way to achieve specific objectives."
It is also important to define the term evolution, since this way we will have the necessary bases to continue with our topic on the evolution of the administration.
- Process that consists of the gradual development of organisms or things occurring in them, the change or passage from one state to another. Throughout history, the different languages evolved, as well as everything around us. (About Concepts, 2015)
Development
Each stage in the evolution has very particular characteristics that will be identified immediately, since in each era there was a different ideology and way of organizing, as well as the fact that in each one people were developing new needs as their way demanded. to live and interact with others.
Early times
Thousands of years ago, man needed to cover certain needs such as gathering and producing his own food, etc., for which he had to have a certain order. The first form of social organization was the horde1 and this was carried out by the strongest of the place and where each member performed a specific task such as caring for the fire, hunting, etc., thus emerging the division
of labor that was done according to the sex and ages of each of the individuals that made up the society. In this way, administration began to be applied in a simple way but it worked for the members of that time. Also being a teamwork of great importance during this time since it was what helped individuals survive, for example when hunting their food.
Agricultural season
During this time agriculture arises and the members of this stage become sedentary. Due to this fact, the communities grow more and more, with the emergence of families, towns, crops and forcing an order between them, the chiefs or leaders who govern each society arise, forcing them to follow their instructions to achieve a common good and thus continue division of labor to meet everyone's needs. (Time Rime, 2015)
Greco-Latin antiquity
This era was when the administration took a negative turn due to the emergence of private ownership of the means of production and slavery in which there was rigorous supervision in which individuals lacked rights and received punishments as a way of maintaining discipline in the workplace. Due to this the production was not very good, since the mistreatment of the slaves caused their discontent and therefore the work was deficient.
First mode of production in the history of humanity. Simple cooperation of primitive men.
This was one of the main reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire. Clearly, a way of managing society is seen in which human resources do not matter, only the fact of producing but they did not realize the mismanagement they did of individuals and therefore the administration was neither efficient nor effective.
Feudal epoch
During this stage the administration was in charge of the feudal lords, who had as subordinates the so-called servants. These feudal lords owned large areas of land called fiefs, hence the name of their office and belonged to them for the service provided to the highest-ranking military. Over time, some servants became independent and this is how artisan workshops emerged, giving way to a new form of administration.
Unions also emerged, which are an antecedent of what unions are today, they regulated schedules, wages, among other labor issues, thus obtaining a different way of managing relations between workers and employers.
Industrial Revolution
This started in England with the invention of the steam engine and the locomotive, despite being a good time for industrial development it was not for the workers since there was exploitation towards them and there were rigid labor standards.
At this stage, artisan workshops disappear, obtaining a centralized production, thus creating mass production.
The industrial revolution marked an important difference between what was previously done when administering the activities of different societies and what began to be done after it since, although at this time the administration still lacked scientific bases, it was at this stage that specialists to deal with the different situations that arose within the factories, with which new investigations emerged that would later originate the scientific administration.
Twentieth century
During this century, scientific administration emerged with Frederick Taylor, becoming an essential factor in the operation of any company, since it contributed to the optimization of resources and the simplification of work.
It was a stage of both technological and industrial development, causing positive situations for the organization and functioning of societies and work groups. (Hidalgo, 2015) (MEDELLÍN RUÍZ, 2015)
Administration in ancient civilizations
There is also the important mark left by some civilizations in their form of organization and production, mentioning the most significant of each of them to have a general understanding of the way in which the administration was applied in those times and places:
Sumer
Among his main contributions is being the first to have the deed and in this way the priests of that time had an administrative control that, although it was archaic, was a first step to the modern administration.
Egypt
One of the clearest forms that we can find of administration in this civilization was in the construction of its great pyramids, since in order to build them, perfectly planned and organized activities were needed to be completed. On the other hand we can find in his literature some examples of administrative thinking as in the following quote from the Ptah-hotep instruction book:
“If you are a leader who directs the business of the crowd, look for all the beneficial defects for yourself, until the work is free of defects, the truth is great and its effectiveness is lasting. A wrongdoing never led to a successful project. " (Edinson, 2015)
China
This civilization was characterized by the great works written by prominent authors such as "The Art of War" written by Sun Tzu that represented a guide for the military leaders of planning, organization and direction.
The great philosopher Confucius designed a system of merits for government offices, for him the professional ethics and hard work of a ruler to offer better things to his people was important.
Greece
The contributions of this civilization were of great importance and laid the foundations of the administration. It was thanks to the philosopher Socrates that the universality of the administration is enunciated and later Plato in his book "The Republic" speaks to us about the administration of public business, so that both characters knew very well the administrative system allowing future generations to improve their works and even innovate with different ideas.
Rome
In this civilization the so-called leaders arose who were in charge of the administration of society, with this and with the institution of the Roman Catholic Church and its form of hierarchical structure was how Rome became one of the most influential civilizations in administrative thought setting standards for modern administration.
conclusion
Administration and man have always gone hand in hand, it can be seen that this has been necessary since the beginning of our times and as needs grew as man evolved in his thinking, plans and strategies had to be devised to continue living and developing in society.
At some times the management of the administration became not very good for some members of societies such as slaves and serfs, and although order was maintained in this way, the way of carrying it out was not the most appropriate because even the Production was much lower than it is today. With the new theories of some experts regarding the administration of human resources, all this has now changed, with labor being a very important factor and careful when deciding how to manage an organization, perhaps this is one of the main differences between what was yesterday and what is today.
Thanks to the advancement of science and the new inventions that emerged, the administration evolved with scientific and administrative thought, being here where it is clearly seen that the administration changes as man goes about it and that the ways of planning, organizing, directing and controlling are totally different today.
Bibliography
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administration: http://es.slideshare.net/edinsonfernandez/origen-y-evolucion-de-la- administracion? related = 3Hidalgo, U. d. (August 28, 2015). Hidalgo State University. Obtained from http://www.uaeh.edu.mx/docencia/P_Presentaciones/icea/asignatura/contabilidad/antec edentes_historicos_administracion.pdfKOONTZ HAROLD, WH (sf). Administration: a global perspective. digital uncu. MEDELLÍN RUÍZ, L. (August 28, 2015). Administration Fundamentals. Obtained from
www.cecuc.ipn.mx/v3/pdfs/Fundamentos_Administracion.pdfROBBINS, SP, & MARY, C. (2005). Administration (eighth ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
