Schools of Administrative theory
They are the various Currents or approaches through which administration is conceived; some are relatively broad in scope and others tend to specialization. It is obvious that in a field of study as new and dynamic as this one, there were multiple currents or criteria regarding its application, which has caused that to date there was not a single administrative theory that is universal in nature.
Scientific Administration
The creators of this school are Federick Wilow Taylor and the Husbands Gibreth and Henry L Gantt, who at the beginning of this century, in the United States determined the Bases of Scientific Administration
This Stream is called Scientific Administration For the rationalization it makes of the two engineering methods applied to the administration and because they carry out experimental investigations oriented towards the performance of the worker.
The Relationships caused by Taylorism, when implanted in the American and European industry, were sometimes violent. The fundamental contribution of the administration and the emergence of this as the specific branch of knowledge. His line of thought can be used in conjunction with other administrative theories.
Charles Babbage (1792-1871). One of the initiators of industrial engineering and modern administration. He dedicated a lot of time to the development of a calculating machine which I call Differential machine that was the forerunner of the current Electronic computer. He anticipated many of Taylor's theories. He caught the drawbacks of time study.
His greatest contribution was the division by trades by using artisans specialized in complete products. Postulated Advantages of division of labor
1.-Less time in learning
2. Greater ability due to frequent repetition of the same processes
3.-It encourages the invention of tools and machinery to carry out the processes.
It provides important contributions in the sense that it considers the social phenomenon as an important aspect of organizations
Its main representatives are Max Weber, Chester Barnard Edgar Scherin, Frank Oliver Sheldon and Chist Argyris whose essential data is provided below
Captain Herry Metacalf (1847-1917). It established the proposal that there is a science of administration Based on principles that can be applied to a wide variety of cases. It also indicated that these principles can be determined by recording observations and experiences and comparing them. Finally, he described a precursor system for cost control. and materials; It was simple since it provided a continuous stream of information and distributed responsibility.
Herry Rabinson Towne (1844-1924) Towne was the mediator to achieve recognition for Taylor and his methods. He was also an innovator in his own right, especially in his attempts to improve piece-time systems. I advocate an exchange of experiences between service managers of different companies under the direction of ASME, thus presenting the Data on which an administrative science could be based.
Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915)
He is one of the most important personalities in the world of administration; Frequently called the father of scientific administration. He was born in the German Town state of Pennsylvania and remained in the middle class in 1870 entered a mechanical workshop as a mechanic; He quickly turned his department into one of the most productive and for the same reason he got the position of head in the workshop. Taylor devoted most of his efforts to studying and finding the best way to execute the job through studies of times and movements and in the most appropriate way to remunerate workers in order to increase productivity.
To motivate the staff, he introduced the differential work incentive system that consisted of creating two types of rates. workers are paid with the second rate.
I postulate that to apply scientific administration a metal revolution was necessary both in the mind of the worker and in that of management itself, which includes the following aspects:
A) Instead of both parties fighting for the division of surplus (Company earnings) they must join together to increase this
B) To carry out each task, the scientific method must be used through experimentation.
His main contribution was in demonstrating that the Scientific Administration is not a group of efficiency or incentive techniques, but a philosophy by virtue of which management recognizes that its objective is to scientifically seek the best working methods through entertainment and time. u movements
HERRY LAWRENCE GATT (1861-1919) Originally from southern Maryland, the United States obtained an engineering degree. He met Tylor in 1887 at the Midvale Steel Co. and from that date became a faithful disciple and collaborator, however, Grantt paid more attention in creating an environment that allows you to obtain greater cooperation from your workers, by setting them a well-defined task. To this end, it established a system of remuneration for the workers whom I call cousins and Gantt tasks.
Likewise, he developed training methods for workers to train them professionally, his most relevant contribution was the development of graphic techniques to plan and control which currently bears his name, FRANK BUNKER GILBREN (1868-1924)
Also a disciple of and an effective follower of Taylor's studies.
After finishing high school; He dedicated himself to work in construction and started as a bricklayer's apprentice. It was precisely in that activity where I implanted a method to carry out the least number of movements in the shortest possible time.
His studies and experiments led him to identify the 17 basic elements that could be applied in any activity to reduce movement. I call these elements THERBLIGS a name that I use by reversing their last name. I assign a symbol and a color to each element. These elements were
1.- Search: B
2.-Take C
3.- Select S
4.-Empty TV transport
5.- Transport with Tc cargo
6.-Hold So
7.- Leave DC load
8.-Put in PP position
9.- Previous CP placement
10.-Inspect I
11.- Mount M
12.-Disassemble D
13.- Use U
14.-Inevitable Wait EI
15.- Avoidable waiting EE
16.-Plan P1
17.- Rest DF
I develop a process scheme, flow diagrams that allow us to study complete operations and not just a special activity, for decision-making by eliminating, reducing or combining operations, which are identified as operations, inspection, delays and storage.
Schools of empirical administration.
This current postulates that administrative tasks should be performed and considered in the way suggested by the recent passage of custom or tradition. Their main representatives are Peter F Drucker, Erners Dale and Lawewnce Appley who carried out studies based on practical experiences in which they discarded almost all the theoretical foundations.
The main disadvantage of the empirical school is that the results obtained are sometimes mediocre, since what is convenient for one company is not always for another.
Environmental School
This administrative current was issued by experimental psychologists, it is based on the idea that the human being performs better if the environmental conditions that surround him (light, heat, humidity, etc.) are in harmony with his organism if one tries to obtain a greater productivity by providing the worker with more pleasant working conditions. A unionist sarcastically called this theory "School Of Happy Cows."
School of human behavior
The negative reactions of workers to Taylorism and the mediocre results in its application, as well as the principles for scientific selection. Thus was born the school of human behavior, also known as the school of human relations itself that gave greater importance to man, The factors that influence to raise the morale of the workers are the affective and social aspects such as the recognition of being heard by management, being part of the group of workers. The type of supervision is vital to the difference, the point of view of the "machine man" of engineering is replaced by that of the man who deserves a treatment of justice and dignity. Demonstrates the need to improve human relations through the application of behavioral science to administration.
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
He was a manager of a slag textile establishment and he described the workers as the "vital machines," and compared their importance and nature to that of the factory's "inanimate machines." It showed that if the social and personal needs of the workers were met, the costs involved would be more than returned
George Elton Mayo (1880-1949)
A Psychologist by Profession was a professor of logical philosophy and ethics in Australia. His main interest was to analyze in the worker the psychological effects that the physical conditions of work in relation to production could produce. He showed that without cooperation in projects, being heard, being considered equally by their superiors, it is difficult and sometimes almost impossible to reach the objectives set.
School of the social system
Administration is approached from the point of view of the social system or intercultural relations. Through the experimental method DE Durkheim and Watson, an attempt is made to build a scientifically organized society and a science of personnel management in which the administration would include the relationships between:
a) The organization
b) extreme and internal environments
c) The forces that produce the changes and adjustments
It provides important contributions in the sense that it considers the social phenomenon as an important aspect of organizations. Its main representatives are Marx Weber, Chester Bernard, Edgar Schein, Frank Oliver Sheldon and Chris Argyris Whose essential data is provided below:
Max Weber (1864-1920)
He intensively studied the role of government offices in Germany and in general the interactions between the working groups that make up the bureaucracy, his basic proposal was
that the application of the principle of specialization causes greater precision, speed and knowledge in the development of work
Oliver Sheldon (1894-1951)
Sheldon referred to organization, direction and control of the administration within the industry, focusing especially on the production area.
On the other hand, Sheldon contributed with studies about the systems approach, general management styles and industrial psychology.
Chester Bernard (1886-1961)
I apply his profound knowledge of psychology and sociology in his tenure as president of the New Jersey Bell Telephone Co. He had a close relationship with the Harvard Business School group that participated in the Hawthorne studies.
I postulate his theory of authority in which he showed that subordinates can thwart authority that they do not accept. I see organization as a social system and conclude that this system persists in its effectiveness in achieving collective objects and in its efficiency in meeting individual goals.
School of Systems Administration
The system is a set consisting of parts, which form a coherent whole, or unit, develops a systematic framework for the description of the empirical world.
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