Administration has been a natural, obvious and latent need of all kinds of human organization. From time to time, each type of organization has required control of activities (accounting, financial or marketing) and sound decision-making in order to achieve their objectives - whatever they may be - efficiently, that is why they have created strategies and methods that allow it. This is evident from 400 BC, when the Egyptians recognized the need to plan, organize and control the agricultural, grazing and trade systems they had.
Then, in 500 BC, history tells us of the Chinese Empire, where Confusio laid the foundations of the Chinese administration. I transcribe a table that illustrates in good shape the main antecedents of the origins of the administration.
| YEARS | AUTHORS | EVENTS |
| 2600 BC
2000 BC |
Egyptians | Decentralization of the organization
Acknowledgment of written orders |
| 1800 BC | Hammurabi
(Babylon) |
Written and testimonial control, establishes the minimum wage, states that responsibility cannot be transferred |
| 1941 BC | Hebrews | Organization concept
Scalar principle |
| 600 BC | Nebuchadnezzar
(Babylon) |
Production control and salary incentives |
| 500 BC | Mencius
(China) |
Standards recognition |
| 400 BC | Socrates
(Greece) Cyrus (Persia) Plato (Greece) |
Recognition of human relationships, study of movements, materials handling
Principle of specialization |
| 1496 | Arsenal of venice | Cost accounting, inventory and control |
| 1767 | Sir James Stuart
(England) |
Authority Source Theory
Automation Impact |
| 1776 | Adam Smith
(England) |
Principle of specialization of workers
Control concept |
| 1799 | Eli Whitney
(USA) |
Scientific method, cost accounting and quality control |
| 1832 | Charles Babbage
(England) |
Recognition and application of personnel practices
Housing plans for workers as an incentive |
| 1856 | Daniel McCallum | Organizational charts to show organizational structure |
| 1886 | Henry Metcalfe
(USA) |
Art of administration, science of it |
| 1900 | Frederik Yaylor
(USA) |
Scientific administration, salary increases, study of methods. Times and movements, emphasis on homework |
"Despite all the progress made by human knowledge, the so-called science of administration only emerged at the beginning of the 20th century. For it to emerge, it took centuries of preparation and many antecedents capable of making viable the indispensable conditions for its appearance"
Management approaches are diverse, some broad in scope, others more specialized, so that there are various conceptions of the most appropriate way in which an organization should be managed, which has led to the lack of a single administrative theory to date. be universal in nature.
Let's look at the theories emerging since 1903 and its main pioneers.
1903 Scientific Administration Taylor, Gantt, Gibreth
1909 Max Weber Bureaucratic Theory
1916 Fayol Classical Theory, Gulik, Urwick
1932 Elton Mayo Human Relations Theory
1947 Structuralist Theory Weber, Etzioni
1951 Ludwing Von Bertalanffy Systems Theory
1954 Drucker Neoclassical Theory, O` Donnel
1957 Theory of Behavior Hebert Alexander Simon
1962 McGregor Organizational Development, Argyris
1972 Chandler, Skinner, Burns Contingency Theory
PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCHOOLS
SCIENTIFIC
- Study and equitable distribution of work Boss vs worker control, cooperation among them Operations group Administrator functions General principles of administration
Scientific administration is a philosophy under which management recognizes that its objective is to scientifically seek the best results of the work.
Bureaucracy
- Types of society and authority Closed system approach Legal nature of norms Personality in relations Labor division
CLASSIC
- Its strongest contribution is that it seeks principles and concepts that can be applied in the administration of work and personnel in a productive way, however its limitation is that it ignores the differences that exist between people and changing situations.
- On the other hand, in organizations different human behaviors occur, the fact that the pioneers realized this meant that we went from evaluating the actual and possible results at a merely structural and mechanical level to focus more on the human (sociocultural) part. that every organization owns. So Theories of appearing Human Relations, the Human Behavior and Human Development negative.The reactions workers against Taylorism, propitiated the birth of the School of Behavioral HumanoOtorgó greater importance to the hombrePromovió motivation of social type and afectivoProponía for man fair and dignified treatment
STRUCTURALIST
- Analysis of organizations Typology of organizations Organizational objectives Organizational environment and conflicts
SYSTEMS
- The organization is a set formed by parts that constitute a coherent whole and develops a systematic framework for the description of the empirical world Interrelation between the parts Open system
NEOCLASSIC
- Characterization of the formal organization Linear organization Functional organization Staff Line
CONTIGENTIAL
- Affirms that there is no “best” way to manage the job or the individuals who perform it. It is based on the leadership aspects of the Behavioral School.
In summary, after Taylor's Theory the concern was focused on the structure with the theories of Fayol and Weber, then the structuralist theory appears, later it was emphasized in people through the Theory of Human Relations complemented later with the theories of behavior and human development; Finally, Systems theory arises that is based on the environment, then contingency arises .
But we cannot overlook the American School that has McGregor and Drucker as their representatives. The first promoted the "Y" Theory, which states that the motivation, responsibility and potential for development lie in each individual, but it is the administration that has the responsibility of making the person recognize and develop these characteristics for himself. human. Drucker argued for goal-based management.
This was a fairly general summary of the Theories that have contributed elements to enrich THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF THE ADMINISTRATION, and we wanted to show the evolution of this over the years.
Let us not forget that times are constantly changing and with them organizations, therefore the human species, therefore we have to be prepared to face what these changes in the environment, markets, trends suppose…. Administration will not be the exception.
ANNA MARIA CARDONA SALDARRIAGA
UNIVERSITY OF ANTIOQUIA
MEDELLÍN
EVOLUTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE THINKING
Contributed by: ANNA MARIA CARDONA SALDARRIAGA
CHIAVENATO, Idalberto.General Theory of Administration.McGrawill.Colombia.1995.
