Evolution and challenges of the internet

The Internet is undoubtedly one of the most named words in recent times, not only by those who approach technology or computing, but by the general population, and that the Internet gathers a large set of denotations and connotations. The Internet has become the most widespread means of communication in all of human history.

internet-evolution-challenges

It is a source of information resources and knowledge shared worldwide. It is also a means of communication that allows cooperation and collaboration to be established, between communities and interest groups on specific topics, distributed throughout the planet, currently it is a universal language, however, its use brings some challenges which will be discussed below.

The name Internet comes from the English words Interconnected Networks, which means "interconnected networks". The Internet is the union of all the networks and computers distributed throughout the world, so it could be defined as a global network in which all the networks that use TCP / IP protocols and that are compatible with each other are brought together. (DE, sf)

INTERNET HISTORY

The beginnings of the Internet go back to the 1960s. In the midst of the cold war, the United States created an exclusively military network, with the aim that, in the hypothetical case of a Russian attack, military information could be accessed from any point from the country.

This network was created in 1969 and was called ARPANET. In principle, the network had 4 computers distributed among different universities in the country. Two years later, it already had about 40 connected computers. So much was the growth of the network that its communication system became obsolete. Two researchers then created the TCP / IP Protocol, which became the communications standard within computer networks (we currently continue to use that protocol).

ARPANET continued to grow and open up to the world, and anyone with academic or research purposes could access the network.

The military functions were detached from ARPANET and went to MILNET, a new network created by the United States.

The NSF (National Science Foundation) creates its own computer network called NSFNET, which later absorbs ARPANET, thus creating a large network for scientific and academic purposes.

The development of the networks was abysmal, and new open access networks were created that later joined NSFNET, forming the embryo of what we now know as the INTERNET.

In 1985 the Internet was already an established technology, although known to a few.

Author William Gibson made a revelation: the term "cyberspace."

At that time the network was basically textual, so the author was based on video games. Over time the word "cyberspace" became synonymous with the Internet. The development of NSFNET was such that by 1990 it already had around 100,000 servers.

At the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN), Tim Berners Lee was leading the search for a data storage and recovery system. Berners Lee took up Ted Nelson's idea (a project called "Xanadu") of using hyperlinks. Robert Caillau who cooperated with the project, since in 1990 they decided to give the system a name and called it the World Wide Web (WWW) or world web.

The new formula allowed to link information in a logical way and through the networks. The content was programmed in a hypertext language with "labels" that assigned a function to each part of the content. Then a computer program, an interpreter, was able to read those labels to unravel the information. That interpreter would be known as "browser" or "browser."

In 1993 Marc Andreesen produced the first version of the «Mosaic» browser, which made it easier to access the WWW.

The graphical interface went beyond what was expected and the ease with which the program could be operated opened up the network to laymen. Soon afterwards Andreesen spearheaded the creation of the Netscape program.

From then on, the Internet began to grow faster than other means of communication, becoming what we all know today.

Some of the services available on the Internet apart from the WEB are remote access to other machines (SSH and telnet), file transfer (FTP), email (SMTP), online conversations (IMSN MESSENGER, ICQ, YIM, AOL, jabber), file transmission (P2P, P2M, direct download), etc. (CAD, 2013).

Table 1: History of the internet (WIKI, 2014)

Year	Event
1958	The BELL company created the first modem that allowed binary data to be transmitted over a simple telephone line.
1961	Leonard Kleinrock of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology publishes a first theory about using packet switching to transfer data.
1962	Initiation of investigations by ARPA, an agency of the US Department of Defense, where JCR Licklider successfully defends his ideas regarding a global computer network.
1964	Leonard Kleinrock of MIT publishes a book on packet-switched communication for deploying a network.
1967	First conference on ARPANET

1969	Connection of the first computers between 4 American universities through the Leonard Interface Message Processor Kleinrock
1971	23 computers are connected to ARPANET. First email sent by Ray Tomlinson.
1972	Birth of the InterNetworking Working Group, organization in charge of managing the Internet.
1973	England and Norway join the Internet, each with a computer.
1979	Creation of NewsGroups (discussion forums) by American students.
nineteen eighty one	Definition of the TCP / IP protocol and the word «Internet»
1983	First site name server.
1984	1000 connected computers.
1987	10,000 connected computers.
1989	100,000 connected computers.
1990	Disappearance of ARPANET
1991	World Wide Web announced publicly
1992	1 million connected computers.
1993	Emergence of the NCSA Mosaic web browser The first search engine in history, Wandex served as an index of web pages.
nineteen ninety six	10 million connected computers.
2001	Burbuja.com explosion
2009	First website that allowed tactile interaction.

INTERNET CHALLENGES

IPV6 does not arrive

The addresses of the IPV4 version, which was originally created by a small team that did not expect the great expansion of the Internet, have already been sold out in more than half the world and, nevertheless, the adoption of the new IPV6 version is barely reaching 7%, according to a Google statistic. “It is clear that the Internet needs a greater number of IP addresses, and the new protocol will be able to specifically manage 340 sextillion, a number large enough to provide all the inhabitants of the Earth with their own list of billions of IP addresses. In other words, this number is large enough to offer the Internet an infinite space to grow from today to the foreseeable future. ” But in order to achieve this goal, it must first be implemented worldwide.

The evolution of the Internet of things

Chances are, there is more than one electronic device in your home. Maybe a television (sometimes more than one), a washing machine, a kitchen robot, an iPod, a phone, a smartphone, a computer, a tablet… and the list could go on.

The question is: why do we use different devices to turn on all these devices and also read each other's instructions? "There should be standards that allow all users to interact with different devices through one."

Thus, if the Internet of Things continues to evolve, it is likely that in our homes we can use our own mobile phone to control every corner of our house: electronic devices, blinds, light, temperature and, probably, many other things that still escape our imagination.

The future of digital heritage

"What would Windows 3000 do with the software we've created in this century?" Maintaining the digital heritage to be able to read it with the technology of the future is an unknown question that experts in the field are concerned about. You need to find a way to preserve the software so that in the future you can create emulators that correctly interpret old files. If this does not happen in 200 years there will be a lot of information to translate, such as tweets, blogs, emails, photos, videos, etc.

Unprotected against cybercrime

The Internet is open to everyone, and there are all kinds of people in the world. Some who use the web to do good things, and others who use their resources to commit crimes.

Leonard Kleinrock baptized this as "the dark side of the Internet", something for which the initial project was not prepared, since it was designed for research and not for the public. Its evolution, however, elevated it to a planetary level.

You have to find the best balance between enjoying everything the Internet has to offer, while having safe and secure data. Thus, the web will face the challenge of creating new and better security certificates, with greater guarantees of user authentication, which will only be able to access the network if it really is who it claims to be, in order to avoid failures or the entry of any kind of virus. (MOSQUERA, 2015).

The footprint of our searches: the digital trail

We could ask ourselves what influence will search engines have on the design of a new Communication. It would be necessary to pay attention to the consequences for Communication of the database that is accumulated in different technological laboratories, platforms from which trends, searches, groupings, priorities, preferences and rejections can be known through our mouse movements. on the screen of our computer.

Cookies - text files, with data generated by the instructions that web servers send to browser programs, and which are stored on our computer - contain information about our searches. The click of the mouse and cookies accumulate invaluable information about citizens, by supplying the itineraries of our searches. It is legitimate to think that the database of intentions will have consequences for relationships.

Internet creator of the social and intellectual environment

Most of the blogers sadly and without generalizing, slips into gossip, impudence, confession, confidentiality and psychological striptease. Only a few thickened the minipopulus, that set that urges democracy to be more participatory. We can ask the Internet the same questions as in the 1990s: what is the Internet ?; What kind of conversation does it allow ?; What cultural trends does it favor ?; What kind of culture does it produce?

And to answer them, it is urgent to differentiate a technology from a medium. A technology is to a medium what the brain is to the mind. Like the brain, technology is a physical apparatus. Like the mind, one means is the use that is made of a physical apparatus.

A technology is a physical device or a relationship between physical devices. A technology becomes a medium when it employs a particular symbolic code, when it discovers its place in a specific social environment, when it insinuates itself in economic and political contexts. In other words: technology is just a machine. A medium is the social and intellectual environment that a machine creates. And only in this sense do we say that the Internet is a medium, but a means of communication, the social and intellectual environment created by a machine that is the sum of various technologies.

So, some of the pertinent questions for Communication research in the Internet age could be these: what is the medium that Internet technology creates, and what is the social and intellectual environment that the Internet is promoting in the society of this beginning of the century and the millennium.

If man builds the technique, and it produces the man who builds it and uses it, the questions may adopt this formulation: what type of man builds the Internet; what is the role of internet user; what is the scope, content and possibility of changing social reality. (MORATÓ, 2009)

Any technological advance should bring a contribution to the development of humanity.

From this point of view, what can the Internet of Things contribute? How can objects connected to the internet make us live happier, better or longer?

An example is the following: The smart chair looks like a normal chair, in fact it is, but under the backrest and seat there are small sensors that continuously detect the user's posture. These data are sent through a wireless module to servers that analyze them, store them and generate patterns that are used to know if the person adopts an appropriate posture, if he spends too much time in the same position or if he does not take sufficient breaks. All this information can help said user to change her posture, which results in relief from back pain that she suffers periodically. In some variants of the smart chair, it vibrates when the posture is not adequate, causing an immediate change in the user, who unconsciously adopts / learns the correct position.

However, the most interesting reflection of this example is the following: the value proposition of the chair has changed substantially, from being a piece of furniture to a medical device to prevent low back pain.

The ability to create a new value proposition, different, enriched, through a traditional object to which has been added internet connectivity, the power of data analysis processes in the cloud and, therefore, the ability to be smartest.

The horizon that opens is as wide as it is unprecedented: what new hybrid products can emerge when we provide the ability to access traditional objects to the Internet? What new economic flows could arise if a manufacturer gave away the smart chair to base its business model on monthly installments for the health monitoring service (transition from a revenue model based on product sales to one based on subscription services) ? How can these new smart and omniscient objects help people?

Wikicity and «smart cities»

One of the greatest achievements of humanity, possibly not yet recognized as it will be over time, is Wikipedia: a repository of knowledge in more than 200 languages that has brought knowledge and culture closer to millions of people throughout the world, including those regions that could never have distributed it to its population in a short time frame. Wikipedia content is created and updated by thousands of users worldwide under the banner of openness and freedom reflected in its motto: "The free encyclopedia that everyone can edit", creating the largest knowledge repository that has ever existed.

Applying the principles of the Internet of things and for a specific area, for example, a city. This Wikicity would be a repository of knowledge about the city, where the physical objects that inhabit it, such as urban furniture, pollution sensors, traffic lights, waste collection trucks or garden irrigation systems could create or update the contents to reflect the changes that they perceive over time. For example, the page regarding the daily pollution level would be constantly updated by the pollution or suspended particle sensors, according to the time of day and area; The city's weather information page would be constantly updated by the temperature, wind, light and rain sensors deployed by the various parks and gardens.Both pages could in turn be consulted by traffic control systems to determine the correlation between an increase in the pollution levels of an area, the traffic of the same collected by the sensors located on the asphalt and the relevant meteorological information, and based on this, make traffic planning decisions that improve the quality of life of citizens.

The concept of Wikicity is not very different from that of Wikipedia. The only difference lies in the producers and consumers of information: now it is the physical objects connected to the internet that create a repository of knowledge about a certain environment to enrich each other and become more intelligent from a collective point of view. Wikicity, the free city that everyone can edit.

There are already examples of metropolises of this type, where smart sensor networks have been experimentally deployed to create cities that are self-aware, that feel and adapt, in a trend called smart cities. Some of the most paradigmatic cases are Smart Santander (Spain), Amsterdam Smart City (Netherlands) and Songdo IBD (South Korea). Behind many of these initiatives are large software and equipment corporations that are strategically committed to the added value services that a connected city can provide to its citizens.

The quantified self

"What cannot be measured cannot be managed." There are divergences on the intellectual attribution of one of the most applied management principles at present; in some cases, the American statistician William Edwards Deming is named, and at other times, the father of modern corporate management, Peter F. Drucker.

In any case, when you have figures, data, all kinds of information regarding a certain phenomenon, and you have the knowledge and techniques to interpret them correctly, you are able to identify the factors that affect that experience and adapt them to obtain the desired results.

Companies apply this principle continuously, analyzing and correlating data from the entire value chain, from provisioning, manufacturing processes, distribution or after-sales service to create products and services with the highest value for the customer and the least cost. This is possible because in all these areas they have quality management mechanisms that collect information continuously, ready to be analyzed afterwards or in real time.

Can we people do the same in our daily lives? Can we continuously collect data from our daily activities (sleeping, walking, eating or breathing) to carry out an analysis of our habits? What are the uses to which we can use this analysis?

All these questions have arisen in the last decade with extraordinary force in the scientific community and, thanks to the reductions in size and price of electronics and the coverage of communications, it has been possible to create small spy devices that live in houses or hide in clothing, obtaining data about us that can be subsequently interpreted to give a better understanding of life habits.

This trend, called «quantified self» has begun to manifest itself in the form of popular commercial products that maintain the duality of the object + traditional service of the Internet of Things: the physical object is the activator, the element that collects data in the user's environment. and sends them to an online platform, where the service resides, which interprets this information for the user, integrates it with other sources to give it more value and presents it in the most friendly way possible.

In recent years, several startups have emerged and under the protection of this trend that commercialize product ranges generally based on a bracelet or clip that the user wears or wears and that monitors their level of activity thanks to an integrated accelerometer. In this way it is possible to perceive if the owner is at rest, walking at a normal pace or running in a hurry. With all the information captured throughout the day and sent to the associated application, an analysis is carried out to determine if daily activity generates an appropriate or insufficient caloric consumption for said user, motivating him to establish goals such as walking to work two days a week or practice more exercise daily in order to improve metrics.

The range of consumer products related to the quantified self also includes scales connected to the internet that allow to track the diet and establish weight loss goals, sleep monitors that collect data to determine associated disorders that prevent proper rest, sports shoes that analyze our performance and proposes enhancements, or wearable pendant microcameras that periodically capture everyday scenes from our lives to recreate those memories later.

However, an experience that includes three fundamental axes of the Internet of Things deserves a few separate lines: Air-Quality Egg, a system made up of several elements that act as a personal air quality sensor that measures pollution levels outside of our house, allowing to collaboratively create maps of the evolution of city pollution among users.

Air-Quality Egg could be framed simultaneously in the areas of quantified self and smart cities, but the third interesting axis that we want to point out is the aspect of social collaboration that is applied to make the information collected among all users more useful.

The union of the Internet of Things with trends called big data (massive amounts of data collected continuously and impossible to analyze with traditional mechanisms due to their volume and complexity) and open data (data that is open, public and available for analysis by anyone or entity) is creating a breeding ground for the emergence of a new generation of analysis services capable of finding associations between factors intuitively distant from each other.

There is a great technological challenge faced by designers of products connected to the internet: energy autonomy for its operation.

Despite continuous progress, telecommunications and electronic intelligence have an energy cost in devices, which increases the smarter or more communicative, the two main capabilities of our enchanted objects. Technological research in batteries with higher capacity per volume unit, microprocessors with lower consumption, and wireless communication modules with greater energy efficiency is the current battlefield that can make a certain product line be accepted or not by users.

The concept of energy harvesting refers to the ability of some of the smart products, especially wearable or outdoor products, to obtain energy from the environment in which they are found, naturally and in sufficient quantities to be autonomous for long periods of time. The most widespread examples refer to environmental sensors in cities or forests that are powered by solar energy through photovoltaic cells, but more interesting are the cases of wearable products, such as footwear or sports equipment, that are capable of obtaining accumulated energy in materials by movement or flexing that occurs during use. These small amounts of energy may be sufficient to significantly extend the energy autonomy of the product,and paradox that they work better and do not need recharging the more frequently they are used.

The right to silence of the chips

On June 18, 2009 the European Commission published a document entitled "Internet of Things: The General Structure of a New Paradigm". This report of just a dozen pages contains a brief analysis of the strategic opportunity offered by connected products for the improvement of the quality of life of European citizens and for the development of the industry. However, the document received special media attention by including some interesting and novel reflections on the role of public powers in a highly sensitized world.

Obviously, the existence of objects connected everywhere generates concern about certain questions. Can cyberterrorism find a virgin terrain for action in infrastructures, vehicles or household appliances connected to the internet (and therefore the consequences are not reduced to the loss of information, but also to the destruction of real assets and systems)?

Who has control and the right to access all the information about people captured by sensors distributed by cities and homes? What new ethical and legal frameworks emerge from the interrelation of people, connected objects and their associated services?

Among the lines of action recommended by the European Commission to evaluate these uncertainties are the continuous supervision of the privacy and protection of the captured personal data, the identification of possible risks and the creation of committees and forums to monitor the Internet paradigm of things, among others, but the line of action called «the silence of the chips» is especially relevant.

The right to silence the chips refers to the possibility that a person in the exercise of his right may decide to disconnect and that the sensor networks stop capturing and monitoring the activities of said citizen. There are aspects of national security that make sure that there is always a certain level of supervision, but the essence of the text refers to the fact that there will be so many objects monitoring us that we may not even be aware of them to exercise our right in the appropriate way.

A product apparently as innocuous as a television set connected to the internet. The usefulness of it is evident since you can enjoy virtually unlimited content generated in real time anywhere in the world. What the user may not perceive is that the television usage data, that is, what content is displayed, in what time frames, how often, are stored on the platform and allow the user to develop a profile incorporating their behavior guidelines, likes in entertainment and even political profile; all information that is obviously very personal.

A kitchen robot connected to the internet to receive firmware updates or recipe programs can capture information on its use that allows knowing how many people live in the home, the type of tastes in food and the cardiovascular risk derived from it, which can be used to increase the life insurance premium of some of the residents.

The positive side of these is the ability they have to reveal hidden information, make the invisible visible and thus help us to know our environment and ourselves better. The negative side is that the value of the information from the personal point of view that these objects collect, and that can be correlated with other that is already on social networks, makes it necessary to take extreme security measures and rapidly develop laws necessary to protect the privacy of people and grant them the full right to be the decision-makers of the destination of such information.

Democratization: open source and the maker phenomenon

Another trend that is driving new exploratory ideas and concepts in the Internet of Things is derived from the accessibility and ease of learning of certain development platforms, which do not require technical qualifications or months of training for lay people to create their own concepts of connected objects.

The most popular of these platforms is Arduino, conceived in 2005 by a group led by Massimo Banzi and David Cuartielles at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea, Italy, with the aim of being a low-cost and open alternative to existing hardware prototyping platforms. until then. Its low price, which is currently around € 20 in its basic versions, and its ease of programming and use quickly attracted interaction designers, artists and electronics enthusiasts who could see how experimenting with Arduino was not only more fun, but also easier to learn and with faster prototyping cycles.

The open source effect for creating developer communities that share knowledge and resources was already very popular in the software world, but Arduino was the first massive platform to take it over to the hardware world, giving rise to the Open Source movement. Hardware. This opening and the platform's own architecture promote the appearance of new variants of it, as well as complements and accessories (called shields) that allow the rapid creation of fully functional gadget prototypes through simple couplings as if from a set of construction involved.

The maker phenomenon is of special interest because it is based on user communities that, again, freely exchange knowledge, allow them to experiment with completely innovative product ideas and concepts that can be successful in a specific group and even lead to commercial variants. of them, reverting in the local economy. The maker movement is fleeing huge investments in manufacturing and large series of thousands of manufactured products, to create personalized or quasi-artisan technology products whose customer niche is not served by the traditional market. (VAZQUEZ, 2013).

A new look

Immolation, vomiting cinnamon, drunken competition: Far from the celebrities who throw ice water for a generous cause, there are young people who launch increasingly dangerous challenges on the internet, halfway between rites of passage and exhibitionism.

The most recent example is that of the 'Ice Bucket Challenge' a bucket of cold water on the head for the benefit of a charitable organization - a rather innocent challenge launched by celebrities.

However, for several years now, thousands of young people around the world, mostly men, have been filming themselves flaunting their responses to increasingly dangerous challenges, and posting their 'feat' online.

At first it was about challenges between classmates, such as saying 'Chubby Bunny' filling his mouth with as many sweets as possible, or sticking a knife between his fingers.

Then the tendency was to swallow products that cause vomiting: a tablespoon of cinnamon, a chunk of bananas with soda, a mixture of coke with milk, bicarbonate of vinegar or filming suffering violent nausea.

These challenges were popularized through YouTube and the most viewed videos are those in which the challenge ends badly. At the beginning of 2014, fashion was 'neknomination': filming herself drinking alcohol on a white background, a game that gained supporters in several countries and caused several deaths in Great Britain and Ireland.

Today, teens can put themselves in danger in their corner, film themselves, and then look approvingly. That quest for validation always existed. The difference is that now the gaze comes from the Internet.

In a challenge that went viral this year in France and that required jumping into the water, a young man drowned in Brittany in mid-June last year when he was dragged to the bottom of a river with his bicycle that caught his leg.

The co-founder of the ice bucket challenge himself, Corey Griffin, 27, died of drowning in the United States after jumping into the water from the balcony of an ice cream parlor, according to the North American press, which he did not clarify. if the accident was the epilogue of a challenge.

To demonstrate his bravery, there are people who in front of a camcorder administer electric shocks or burns to the body to demonstrate that they resist as much as possible. In late July, the US media reported on the case of a teenager who suffered second-degree burns after spraying himself with alcohol and setting himself on fire.

Teenagers invent rites that involve leaving marks on the body, before there was the 'happy slapping' in which they were filmed slapping someone, or hitting a teacher. Then the novelty was self-aggressiveness, added to the search for the scoop or the shocking image, to obtain a moment of glory. It is a way of existing, at the expense of the body itself. There is a crazy increase in cases of self-scarification (small cuts in the body). ” (AFP, 2014)

WHERE ARE WE GOING

Once exposed the current challenges of the internet, some future repercussions can be explained if the current reality is projected.

Diverse Cultures of Technology Use

2. Ethical dilemmas linked to the privacy of information and the control of activities of people and their devices

Legal problems derived from the misuse of technology Massive disruptions of critical systems and loss of information (both in availability and confidentiality) Massive possible digital attacks on critical infrastructures endangering people's lives.

THE FUTURE WILL ONLY BE POSSIBLE IF

Nothing is lost the problem is the lack of controls in some situations, some measures could be:

Develop master plans for technological development at the level of the international community, nations and local communities. Adopt a flexible structure of security control, highlighting the levels:
- Cyber security (existence of multilevel response centers) Information security (Governments) Information security (Organizations) Implementation with computer security (Organizations, networks, devices) Secure programming (hardware and software) Technical and end user education Ethical and legal, based on a clear and fair regulatory framework.

(BLUMSZTEIN, 2015)

CONCLUSION

The internet has been a great discovery, what we find on pages, blogs, social networks, etc., is a reflection of our society, and just as in society there are people, information, etc. good and bad. It is up to us to make the correct use of what we find on the internet and to make children aware of its correct use.

We must also inform ourselves and take the appropriate measures to avoid being victims of virtual crimes and fraud.

Thankful to God for all his blessings, also for the opportunity to work in the process of improving myself.

To my “alma mater” the Orizaba Technological Institute for their dedication in training quality professionals, to my MAE Professor Fernando Aguirre y Hernández for their dedication, dedication and commitment in sharing their knowledge.

To God for life and for science!

THESIS PROPOSAL

IMPACT ON THE BEHAVIOR OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE NEW GENERATIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AFP. (2014). TIME. Obtained from

BLUMSZTEIN, EC (2015). URUGUAY COMPUTER ASSOCIATION. Retrieved from

CAD. (2013). CAD. Obtained from