Formula to control production times

Currently, companies require an estimate of the times of any process, in order to measure or quantify the production required.

In this sense, the main problem of the Method Engineer is to observe each and every one of the models that the company manufactures, generally there is not enough time to use in the study, and in turn such detailed observation would generate a high cost, which that leads to the search for a technique or procedure to achieve the standardization of the times of the elements that make up the manufacturing processes.

formula-of-production-times

A very practical and effective way to carry out this standardization task is to determine the formula for process times. This technique is based on studying all possible parts or at least those that limit the range of parts family, where the elements that make up the process are the same.

For the application of this technique, it is possible to contact the company Informática Tecnología y Servicios CA. It is of great importance to carry out time studies with as much knowledge and care as possible, because the study and determination of operating times will serve to calculate, the amount of machinery to use, the personnel required, the quantities that can be produced.

In carrying out this study, a series of data has been obtained through field visits, in which it has been possible to know the description of the company and the process of service of assembly of rubbers and then be able to divide it into elements that allow studying rubber assembly operation time. The calculated formulas are applied for any normal time with the proper qualifications of its operators. The following report contains a time study of the production process of the company Informática Tecnología y Servicios CA that provides customer service in photocopying, data transcription, cyber and confectionery sales. This study is carried out by applying time formulas which indicate the approximate duration of each of the operations that make up the process.The mathematical models obtained are the result of the application of a scientific method that follows a series of sequential steps: Observation, Determination of variables, Approach of Hypotheses, Data collection, Mathematical model, Evaluation of the model, Information

OBJECTIVES

OVERALL OBJECTIVE

Design the time formula to establish a standard of the production process that is carried out in the company Informática Tecnología y Servicio CA

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Determine the type of work to study. Observe the process of reproduction of copies carried out by the company "Computing, Technology and Services CAClassify the elements in constants and variables. Analyze the variable elements. Set out the hypothesis. Operator. Set out the mathematical models for the time formula of each of the operations. Deduce the error percentage of each of the mathematical models to determine their applicability. Design the time formula for the photocopying process. Develop a synthesis where The application and development of the formula is fully explained. Transfer the information, the elements and their values in a detailed summary of the time studies.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

TIME FORMULA

The time formula is an algebraic expression of the factors that determine the time of an operation which allows establishing a time standard before production begins, allowing the variable elements to be replaced by known values specific to the work.

This activity is intended to establish, using applied techniques, standards of permissible time to perform a given task, with due regard to fatigue, personal delays and unavoidable delays.

APPLICATION OF THE TIME FORMULA

It is possible to develop a formula for a certain diversity of works of a certain type, gathering enough time studies referring to standardized elements to obtain a reliable sample of data.

The time formula should be applied to those jobs that fall within the limits of the data used to obtain it. If the limits of application of the time formula are extended without the support of adequate time studies, erroneous standards may result, with all the inherent risks of inequitable or unfair rates.

Once the time formula for a given operation has been developed, it should be applied immediately to all relevant jobs within the limits for which it was developed and that do not yet have standards.

ADVANTAGES OF THE TIME FORMULA

More consistent time standards are obtained. Duplication of work in similar operations is eliminated. Quick and accurate estimates can be made for labor costs before production begins. A person with less experience and training can be employed to establish time standards.

DISADVANTAGES OF THE TIME FORMULA

There is a natural propensity to consider many elements that are not constant as constant, producing errors. There is a danger of applying the formula beyond the limits for which it was established.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TIME FORMULA

A time study formula must be completely reliable and practical so that it can be used with complete confidence. The larger the number of studies used to develop the formula, the greater the chance of reaching a safe formula. Before developing a formula, you must have at least 10 independent studies of a particular job class.The formula is a compilation of standard elements used in a range of jobs characteristic of a given work order or facility. In case of carrying out new studies, it must be ensured that the decomposition of the elements is based on similar elements from previous studies. The formula will give results that are as accurate as the data used to elaborate it. The simpler the formulas,They will be better understood and easier to apply. Complicated expressions involving high terms at certain powers should be avoided. The symbols of the unknowns must appear in the formula only once, with their respective prefixes, suffixes and coefficients. of work that each symbol represents must be specifically identified. It is important to note the limitations of the formula, describing its application limits in detail. The elaborated formulas will allow those who use them to apply them quickly and accurately, easily obtaining the information they want.Suffixes and respective coefficients. The work area that each symbol represents must be specifically identified. It is important to note the limitations of the formula, describing its application limits in detail. The elaborated formulas will allow those who use them to apply them quickly and accurately., easily obtaining the desired information.Suffixes and respective coefficients. The work area that each symbol represents must be specifically identified. It is important to note the limitations of the formula, describing its application limits in detail. The elaborated formulas will allow those who use them to apply them quickly and accurately., easily obtaining the desired information.

PRELIMINARY STEPS FOR THE ELABORATION OF A FORMULA

Collection of original data and general analysis of the work. Determination of the formula field. Analysis of each one of the operations. Installation of the improvements in the methods and normalization. Preliminary division of elements: Constants and variables. Analyze or carry out complete studies of Time - Transfer the information, elements and their values into a detailed summary of time studies.

CHRONOLOGICAL PROCEDURE IN THE ELABORATION OF A TIME STUDY FORMULA.

Observation of the production process.

Diagram the process Divide into operations Divide into elements

Recognize and define the variables that affect the process. Hypothesis planning. Experimentation (take time studies).

Divide the process into operations and / or elements. Prepare a format for taking information.

Formulation of the mathematical model. Calculation of the percentage error (to accept or reject the hypothesis). Standardization of the formula.

CONDUCT OF THE SYNTHESIS

The purpose of the synthesis in the report of a formula is to give a complete explanation of the deduction of the components that make up the formula to facilitate its use. Furthermore, a clear exposition of a synthesis will help explain and accept the formula in case doubts about its suitability appear later.

In order that the final expression be in its simplest form, symbols and constants will be combined whenever possible, with due attention to the accuracy and flexibility of the formula. Elementary operations can be classified according to specific titles, such as: preparations, handling, crane handling and operation. Constant values will appear in each element class. These elements can be combined to simplify the final expression of the formulas.

CALCULATION OF THE FINAL EXPRESSION

The final expression may not be all algebraic. It might have been more convenient to express some of the variables in terms of systems of curves, nomograms, or simple curves. Some of the variable data could also have been presented in the form of tables, and referred to in the formula by a single symbol.

CHECKING ACCURACY

Once the formula is obtained, the analyst must verify it before putting it to use. The easiest and fastest way to verify the formula is to apply it to check existing studies. The best way to do this is to tabulate the results under the following headings: "Part number", "Time study value", "Value for the new formula", "Difference" and "Difference in percentage".

Any significant difference between a value for a formula and the value of the time study should be investigated and its cause found. It is expected that the formula will cause an average difference of less than 5% with respect to the time study values that were used in its deduction. If at this point the formula does not appear to have the expected validity, the analyst should then collect additional data by conducting further studies with a stopwatch.

COMPANY NAME

Computing Technology and Services CA

BUSINESS DESCRIPTION

Information Technology and Services CA. is a company dedicated to the computing area, destined to offer computer services; to students and teachers of the "Instituto Universitario Gran Colombia" and to the general public. Among its products, transcription, printing, photocopying, ringing, sale and service to computer equipment stand out. Services and products that today are highly demanded by many people since these processes are necessary on a daily basis.

LOCATION

Edif. Zarrilli, Calle 7. Diagonal to Parque Maltín Polar. The Concord San Cristobal. Edo. Táchira Venezuela.

MISSION

Informática Tecnología Y Servicios CA Offer directly or through third parties services required by the university community and society in general, increasing the quality and professionalism of these, based on our values: teamwork, trust, responsibility and spirit of service to obtain the total satisfaction of our customers.

VISION

To be recognized as a company that generates products and services that meets the needs of our clients with zero complaints.

Informática Tecnología Y Servicios CA is oriented towards achieving its consolidation as an innovative organization.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Computing Technology and Services CAit presents a flexible organizational structure made up of defined positions, made up of three hierarchical levels; at the first level, management, where general policies are established and the main decisions of the company are made, the second level represented by the sub-manager who performs functions in personnel management and finally the third level consisting of different workers who work we find 2 technicians who are responsible for everything related to computer equipment, sale and repair of them; At this same level we find two people responsible for the transcription of the works; And finally, there is the person in charge of assisting clients who want to enjoy Internet service. Communication is essential between all employees,regardless of the hierarchical level they occupy. It is presented informally. It must be said that the organizational structure ofInformática Tecnología y Servicios CA It allows fluid communication between the different areas that make up the company and is perfectly suited to the delegation of functions that, in the words of its members, is an essential part of the organization's operation.

LIST OF PRODUCTS YOU MANUFACTURE

Transcription of theses, papers, letters, etc. Binding Consulting and technical support in computer equipment Scanner services Stationery Navigation service Letter-size or legal-size photocopies (enlargement, reduction, photocopying of guides, photocopying of notebooks, photocopying of books, photocopying of acetates, photocopying of documents, etc.).

LIST OF PRODUCTS THAT ARE MANUFACTURED WITH THE SAME PRODUCTION PROCESS

Photocopying of guides, Photocopying of notebooks, Photocopying of books, Photocopying of acetates, Photocopying of documents.

PROCESS DIAGRAM

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRODUCTIVE PROCESS:

The process begins when the operator receives the order, there can be two variants:

When the material to be photocopied is provided by the client: The process begins when the operator receives the material and asks the client how many copies he wants, then prepares the material and then moves to the photocopier:

It will be photocopied depending on the material:

Automatic tray (guides): introduces the material into the machine, programs the machine and activates the photocopy command, waits for the process to finish; then collect the photocopied material, check the material, staple it in case the client has requested it; material delivery; calculates the amount to be collected, receives the money; it is transferred to the box and deposits the money.Manual photocopying (books, notebooks and other documents): The top cover is lifted and the material is placed on the base of the photocopier, the cover is lowered, the machine is programmed and operated the photocopy command waits for the process to finish; then he lifts the top cover again and removes the original material, picks up the photocopied material, verifies the material, staples in case the client has requested it; material delivery;calculates the amount to be collected, receives the money; he moves to the cashier and deposits the money.When the material to be photocopied is on file:The process begins when the client requests the material on file from the operator; To which in case of having it, the operator moves to look for the material in the file, checks its existence, moves to the photocopying area, enters the material inside the machine, asks the customer the number of reproductions that the machine wants to program and activates the photocopying command, waits for the process to finish; then collect the photocopied material, verify the material, staple it in case the client has requested it; material delivery; calculates the amount to be collected, receives the money; he goes to the cashier and deposits the money; he takes the original, clicks it and goes to the filing cabinet to leave it there until it is requested again.

DIVISION OF TIMING ELEMENTS

Offer service: This element begins when the client stands in front of the operator and the operator gives him good morning or good afternoon and ends when he consults the desired service.

{T vs. F (k)}

Location of the material: After asking for the desired service, the operator proceeds to take the material to be photocopied and this time is not the same for any of the modalities because the material can be internal (archived material), or external (brought by the client).

{T vs. F (x) Qualitative}

The time varies according to the origin of the material, that is, if it must be located by the operator or if it is brought by the client.

Prepare the material to photocopy: At the end of taking the material, the operator proceeds to prepare it; and this time is affected by the variable; the type of material to be photocopied (notebooks, books or guides). The preparation will consist of: For notebooks and books it is necessary to delimit from where to where it will be photocopied and a guide, if it is stapled or not.

{T vs. F (x) Qualitative}

Photocopy: The material is photocopied and this time is affected by the number of sheets to be photocopied, and by the type of material to be photocopied, for which the variable time will be considered.

{T vs. F (x, y) x qualitative, and quantitative}

Prepare photocopied material: In this part, the photocopied material is prepared and the time of this element varies according to the number of sheets and the way in which the material is to be delivered (ringed, plastered and / or stapled).

{T vs. F (x, y) x qualitative, and quantitative}

Payment (Collect and give change): Once the delivery is completed, we proceed to collect and this time is influenced by the fact that the operator has to turn around. {T vs. F (x) Qualitative}

ABBREVIATIONS TO BE USED THROUGHOUT THE STUDY

E: Material provided by the client.I: Material from the business file.C: NotebooksG: GuideL: BookSG: Without StapleCG: With StapleSV: Without ReturnCV: With ReturnedTn: FormulaTime: Internal MaterialN: Number of sheets (number of sheets) T: timeOM: Origin of the materialTM: Type of materialTP: Type of preparationTPg: Type of payment

PROCEDURE FOR TAKING TIMES

Element 1:

Operation: Offer service

Reference: T vs. Ctte.

Process:

The process begins when the operator greets the customer and receives the order. Therefore, the data was taken from the time the operator greets the customer until the customer delivers the order.

Element 2:

Operation: Locate Material

Reference: T vs. OM

Process:

This operation depends on the origin of the material since if it was provided by the client it is not possible to take this time; In cases where the material was searched in the archive by the operator, the times were taken from the transfer of the operator to the archive until it is approved by the client.

Element 3:

Operation: Prepare Material

Reference: T vs. TM

Process:

This operation depends on the type of material, since depending on this the type of preparation varies and was taken from the time the operator goes to the photocopier until he prepares the material in the automatic tray in the case of the guides or until he places it in the reader in the case of books and notebooks.

Element 4:

Operation: Photocopy

Reference: T vs. TM, N

Process:

This operation depends on the type of material AND the quantity of sheets, since depending on these characteristics the procedure is more or less slow. To take the times, the duration of the machine was taken while the total of the copies requested by the client were taken.

Element 5:

Operation: Fix Material

Reference: T vs. TP, N

Process:

This operation depends on the amount of leaves and the type of preparation; since in the cases where the material did not need to be stapled, only the quality of the copy and the quantity were verified. In cases where it was necessary to staple the photocopied material, the quality of the copies was verified, as well as the quantity, the sheets were ordered and stapling was carried out. In this case, the timing is from the moment the copies are obtained in their entirety from the copier tray until it is stapled or counted as appropriate.

Element 6:

Operation: Payment

Reference: T vs. TPg

Process:

This operation depends on the type of payment to be made specifically if the money is complete or if on the contrary you need the change to take the chronometer times from the moment of the exchange of the material for the money until the returns are delivered in the event that they are necessary or on the contrary when the returns were not necessary until the moment in which the money was deposited in the box.

Experimentation

TOTAL TIME

TOTAL ERROR

APPLICATION

Formula to determine the photocopying time of the company Informática, Tecnología y Servicios CA from the receipt of the order to the collection of the copies.

SCOPE

Formula used to determine the photocopying time of Notebooks, Guides and Books from the company archive or brought by the client.

ANALYSIS

Assuming that the normal times come from well-developed time studies and considering that their error is 26.3292%, we can say that the formula can be used (This depends on the company's requirements), but care must be taken when working with it; since in some cases they could give erroneous results. Then the formula would not be acceptable. Therefore, we conclude that this test is questionable, so it is recommended that the% error decrease to be taken a greater number of times.

DATA TO CONSIDER

In some occasions the operator interrupts the task to carry out another activity and in other times the sheets are locked in the machine which can be considered as a strange element that affects the obtaining of the data.

CONCLUSIONS

From the experimentation, 150 data were obtained for the realization of the formula, which were grouped into 22 studies, which proceeded to calculate the formula of times, which were inconclusive since more time takes had to be made for the study to be feasible and therefore the formula will result with greater reliability.It is important to know that in some occasions the operator interrupts the task to carry out another activity and in other times the sheets are locked in the machine which can be considered as a strange element that affects obtaining the data.

RECOMMENDATIONS

It is recommended to take more time for the study to be reliable, that is, the error percentage of the overall formula of the process of less than 20%, and thus optimize the process and increase production.

BIBLIOGRAPHY