Since the beginning of time man has tried to make his life easier by modifying his environment. Due to its mental capacity superior to that of other living beings, it has been able to develop science and within this nanotechnology. The knowledge of handling the fundamental and molecular structure of matter, its three-dimensional composition has opened a new world. In the most recent years, it has been proven that the organization of matter at the nanoscale is the key to the future.
NANOTECHNOLOGY:
“Basically nanotechnology is a phenomenon related to size, to dimension. Like biology, which encompasses a wide variety of life sciences, nanotechnology affects those areas of science, engineering and technology where scale intervenes. " (Tiwari, nd)
"Nanotechnology, is the study and development of systems on a nanometric scale," nano "is a prefix of the International System of Units that comes from the Greek νάνος which means dwarf, and corresponds to a factor 10 ^ -9, which, applied to units in length, it corresponds to one billionth of a meter (10 ^ -9 Meters) that is 1 Nanometer, nanotechnology studies matter from a nanometric level of resolution, between 1 and 100 Nanometers approx. " (Nanotechnology blog from chile, sf)
Nanotechnology refers to not one, but a set of techniques used to manipulate matter of techniques used to manipulate matter on the scale of atoms and molecules. The term describes the scale: nano is a measure, not an object ”(ETC GROUP, 2010)
"Nanotechnology is the study, design, creation, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials, devices and functional systems through the control of matter on a nano scale, and the exploitation of phenomena and properties of matter on a nano scale." (Euroresidents, nd)
"Nanotechnology will be the technology generated with objects whose size ranges from a tenth of a nanometer to a hundred of a nanometer." (Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology)
"Nanotechnology is a new approach focused on understanding and mastering the properties of matter at the nanometric scale: a nanometer (one billionths of a meter) is the length of a small molecule." (Mathias Shulenburg, 2004)
NANOTECHNOLOGY
1936: Erwin Müller made possible near atomic resolution images of materials through the invention of the microscope.
40S: As a way to reduce cost Von Neumann studies the possibility of creating systems that reproduce themselves.
1956: German American physicist and materials scientist Arthur Robert Von Hippel introduced "molecular engineering" which gave design ideas for materials with prescribed properties for the purpose at hand.
1958: American physicist and electrical engineer Jack St. Clair Kilby invented the first integrated circuit or called Microchip and received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000.
1959: The American physicist Richard Feynman at a congress of the American Physics Society gave the speech entitled "There`s Plenty of Room at the Bottom" in which he describes a process for the manipulation of atoms and molecules individually by means of high precision instruments; and thus, in this way design and build atom-by-atom systems on nano-scales. In this same speech, Feynman describes that the properties of nanometric systems would be very different from those of macro-scale.
1966: The film "Amazing Journey" is made, which tells about scientists who reduce their size to that of a particle and enter the interior of the body of a researcher to destroy the tumor that is killing him. For the first time in history, this is considered a true scientific possibility.
1974: The Japanese engineer Norio Taniguchi, a professor at the Tokyo University of Sciences, coined the term "nano-technology" in his work, published in the Proceeding of the International Conference of Production and Engineering. In this article he mentions that nanotechnology is about a process of separation, consolidation and deformation of materials by an atom or molecule.
1977: Drexler creates the concept of molecular nanotechnology at MIT
1979: Chemist Peter Wiles and John Abra of the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand discovered tiny coils of carbon atoms, which were later called nano tubes.
1981: The first technical paper on molecular engineering is published and Heinrich Rorther and Gerd Binning invent the first STM tunneling microscope which made it possible to see individual atoms and later move them.
1985: Harold Kroto, James R. Heath, Sean O`Brien, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley discover the buckminsterfullerenes, buckyball or football that are a molecule of spherical fullerene with the empirical formula C 60.
1986: The AFM atomic force microscope is invented.
1987: Donald Cram, Charles Petersen and Jean-Marie Lehn, win the Nobel Prize for their work in supra-molecular chemistry, laying the foundation for molecular self-assembly. 1989: The film "Darling I Shrunk the Children" is made, which is about a scientist who invents a machine that can reduce the size of things using lasers.
1990: Atomic manipulation is a reality: The IBM logo written with Zeno atoms.
1991: Carbon nanotubes are discovered
1993: The creation of the first nanotechnology center is stimulated through the book
"Engines of Creation" and the first report on nanotechnology is made by the White House. Semiconductor nanoparticles emit light in quantum packets, which can bind to molecules in the body to help doctors locate disease. They were prepared by chemists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- Sir Harry Kroto wins the Nobel Prize for discovering fullerenes The smallest guitar in the world is made. It is about the size of a red blood cell. The first nanotechnology company called Zyvex is founded. The first nano robot is designed. Engineers at the US Company Lucent Technologies in New Jersey build a 60 nano-meter wide silicone transistor that turns a carbon nanotube into a nano-pen that can be used for writing.
2000: Researchers at Cornell University extract an 80 nanometer wide biomolecular motor from a cell and add a metal rotor to it to create a nano-mechanical motor. Consumer products that make use of nanotechnology appear on the market such as: car bumpers resistant to dents and scratches, golf balls that fly straight, tennis rackets that are more rigid, baseball bats with better flexibility and "hit" »Nano-silver antibacterial socks, clear sunscreens, wrinkle-free and stain-resistant clothing, deep-penetrating therapeutic cosmetics, scratch-resistant glass liners, faster-recharging batteries for cordless power tools, and improved power tools. screens for televisions, cell phones and digital cameras
2001: Researchers from IBM in New York and Delft University in the Netherlands build a logic circuit using carbon nanotubes. James Gimzewski enters the Guinness Book of Records for inventing the smallest calculator in the world
2003: The government of England instructs a commission to prepare a report on the social, ethical and experimental repercussions on the effects of nanotechnology. Naomi Halas, Jennifer West, Rebeca Drezek, and Renata Pasqualin develop gold nanocapsules, which when "tuned" in size to absorb near infrared light, serve as a platform for integrated discovery, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer without biopsies invasive surgery or destructive systemic radiation or chemotherapy.
2004: Tennis player Roger Federer wins the Wimbledon championship using a racket reinforced by carbon nanotubes.
2005: Estimates of the National Science Foundation of the United States believe that by this year the nanotechnology market would reach a trillion dollars.
- James Tour and his colleagues at Rice University build a nanoscale "car" made of oligo with alkynyl axles and four spherical C60 fullerene wheels. In response to increases in temperature, the nanocar moved on a golden surface as a result of the wheels - buckyball, just like a conventional car moves. At temperatures above 300 ° C it was moving too fast for chemists to keep track of its movement. Angela Belcher and her colleagues at MIT build a lithium-ion battery with a common type of virus that is not harmful to humans, using a low cost and environmentally friendly procedure. The batteries have the same energy capacity and energy performance as state-of-the-art rechargeable batteries (hybrid cars,personal electronic devices. etc.) Nadrian Seeman and several colleagues at New York University create various nanoscale devices with a robotic DNA assembly. It is a process of creating 3D DNA structures using synthetic DNA crystal sequences that can be programmed for self-assembly using "sticky ends" and placing them in a joint order and orientation. It is an advance with potential applications in Nano electronics. Another creation by Seeman (with colleagues from China's Nanjing University) is a "DNA assembly line." For this work, Seeman shared the Kavli Award for Nanoscience in 2010.IBM uses a silicon tip that measures only a few nanometers at its apex (similar to the tips used in atomic force microscopes) to chisel material from a substrate and create a complete 3D nano-scale map of the world - about the size of one thousandth of a grain of salt and did it in 2 minutes and 23 seconds. This activity demonstrates a powerful patterning methodology to generate nanoscale patterns and structures as small as 15 nanometers in size with greatly reduced costs. opening new perspectives for fields such as electronics, optoelectronics, and medicine.This activity demonstrates a powerful patterning methodology to generate nanoscale patterns and structures as small as 15 nanometers in size with greatly reduced costs. opening new perspectives for fields such as electronics, optoelectronics, and medicine.This activity demonstrates a powerful patterning methodology to generate nanoscale patterns and structures as small as 15 nanometers in size with greatly reduced costs. opening new perspectives for fields such as electronics, optoelectronics, and medicine.
2013 Researchers from Stanford University develop the first carbon nanotube kit.
2015: Researchers in mechanical engineering from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, built microscopic robots capable of entering the human body loaded with a drug to release it exactly in the area to be treated.
Gold nanotubes of the appropriate dimensions to absorb a type of light called near infrared, a pulsed laser light beam is used, a light of adequate frequency is applied to the nanotubes that circulate through the body to heat it up to a sufficiently high temperature to destroy cancer cells. The success of these nanotubes has only been observed in a while with human cancer.
Researchers from Columbia University, Seoul National University, and the Korean Institute for Science and Standards Research created the world's thinnest light bulb which is a type of “Broadband” light emitter that could be integrated into processors giving the opening for the creation of transparent, flexible screens and a few atoms thick.
A startup called Leila presented a prototype of a new 3D screen capable of being used without the need for special glasses from 64 different points of view.
IBM introduced 7-nanometer integrated circuits, in which its miniature electronic components are 1,400 times smaller than a human hair.
A nanoparticle book called "Drinkable Book" was created, which is very easy to use, just tear off a sheet of the book, put it in a filter holder and pour water that you want to purify into it. The pages of the book contain nanoparticles of silver and copper, known for their antibacterial power. When passing through the leaves the bacteria die and clean water comes out on the other side. Each page is capable of purifying up to 100 liters of water. Each book could filter a person's water supply for 4 years.
Researchers at Harvard University and the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology in Beijing developed tiny electronic monitoring devices that could be injectable into living tissue with a syringe. These devices could have biomedical applications such as checking for electrophysiological signals related to epilepsy and arrhythmia.
Spiders spin carbon-reinforced yarns after being sprayed with water containing carbon nanotubes and graphene flakes, these produced the toughest fibers ever measured to date, surpassing even high-performance synthetic polymeric fibers. Everything seems to indicate that this technique could be used in other organisms such as plants and animals to obtain new bionic materials.
CHARACTERISTICS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
It is a multidisciplinary field and cohesive exclusively by the scale of the subject with which it works.
- Nanotechnology offers new very promising and efficient solutions for environmental problems, medical applications. Nanotechnology is a little-known concept for society. Current advances hardly fall into nanotechnology, rather they are classified in nanoscience, but they are a knowledge base for development of a technology based on the detailed manipulation of molecular structures. With the advances that are obtained, man is hungry for research on organic molecules. Medicine is the one that gives more interest to research in the microscopic world since it is of the beneficiaries of nanotechnology.
TYPES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
- Nanotechnology from top to bottom: "This method is characterized by a gradual and refined approach with the necessary precision from different manufacturing technologies." (Goerne, 2011) This refers to the ability to control manufacturing precision
- Bottom-up nanotechnology: It refers to the construction of an artifact manipulating matter at the nanometer scale and assembling objects atom by atom or molecule by molecule.
APPLICATIONS OF
Nanotechnology of nature
- In lithographyNano-printingLaser X-raysNanoelectricNanotechnology applied to the carNanotechnology at the gas stationSupramolecular tabletsMagnetic particles for cancer therapyNeuroprostheticsAutomatic nursesPhotovoltaic thermo energyCarbon nanotubes
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
| Advantage | Disadvantages |
| • Smaller computers
• Water can be improved • Electronic components with lower energy consumption • Can diagnose and control diseases • You can benefit the environment • Improvement of agriculture • More energy can be stored in smaller components |
• Smaller, but more destructive weapons.
• Wars between two nations would be devastating • Risk of the use of nanotechnology by criminals and terrorists • Environmental damage • Changes in the social structure and the political system • Changes in the economy • Development of a black market for nanotechnology. |
CONCLUSIONS
Currently full of changes, new technologies are required and nanotechnology gives us the opportunity to create new things and improve existing ones, all on a very small scale.
The good use of nanotechnology can bring great social benefits, it can help the environment, solve human problems such as major diseases, technology can be improved and have a lower cost thanks to nanotechnology.
However, the uncontrolled development of nanotechnology can also bring problems of small arms and mega structures. Therefore, making good use of it offers great changes and future benefits for humanity.
Bibliography
- Nanotechnology blog from Chile. (sf). Nanotecnologia.cl. Obtained from Nanotecnologia.cl: http://www.nanotecnologia.cl/que-es-nanotecnologia/ETC GROUP. (December 2010). What about nanotechnology? Regulation and geopolitics. Ottawa, Canada Euroresidents. (sf). Information Technology & Services Siglo XXI. Obtained from Euroresidentes: http://www.euroresidentes.com/futuro/nanotecnologia/nanotecnologia_que_es.htm Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology. (sf). NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY: between the science fiction of the present and the technology of the future. Spain: Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology. Mathias Shulenburg, C. (2004). Nanotechnology: innovations for the world of tomorrow. Nanotechnology: Innovations for the world of tomorrow. Belgium: European Commission: Community Research. Tiwari, R.M. (sf). OpenMind. Obtained from OpenMind:
