Technology transfer model for the province of santo domingo, ecuador

Technological transfer in the Province of Santo Domingo, to be effective, must include the acquisition, assimilation and dissemination model. It is important for the understanding and transfer of appropriate technologies, whether from one company, branch or sector to others within the framework of Ecuador. The transfer of technology for the Tsáchilas Province should not be understood only as a means of supplying the means of production that acts directly in industrialization, but as a means of achieving development. The acquisition of a productive capacity implies the transfer of a technological capacity to properly use, adapt and improve the technology purchased and achieve sustainable development for the Province of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas.

The Province of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas needs Technology Transfer in the sector: textile and footwear, energy and mining, food and beverages, metalworking and electronics, graphics, forestry industry, plastics.

Sumary

Technology transfer in the province of Santo Domingo, to be effective, must understand acquisition, assimilation and diffusion model. It is important for understanding and transfer of appropriate technologies, whether a company, branch or sector to others in the frames of the Ecuador. The transfer of technology for the Tsachilas province should not be understood only as a means of supply of means of production that acts directly on the industrialization but as a means of achieving development. The acquisition of a production capacity, involves the transfer of technological capacity to properly use, adapt and improve the purchased technology and achieve a sustainable development for the province of Santo Domingo of the Tsachilas. The province of Santo Domingo of the Tsachilas need technology transfer in the sector: textiles and footwear,energy and mining, food and beverages, metalworking and electronics, graphics, forest industry, plastic.

Keywords: Technology Transfer, Ecuador.

Introduction (approach, scientific problem, objectives)

In the country and even in the world, Technology Transfer (TT) is a necessity, which implies developing the organization in order to increase the number of innovation in services with excellent training to carry out research activities with productive academic training in the region, generate exportable products derived from technological innovation, promotion of investment in research through patents to improve political, social, economic, commercial, industrial development, and services.

The need to strengthen fundamental assets for the development of the country, its productivity and competitiveness such as innovation (measured by the number of patents), the presence and quality of Technological Development Centers through the technological level of the companies, the human capital (propose and achieve goals by 2014 such as exceeding two thousand active and accredited researchers).

Problem statement: The main attraction of the province is the highly endowed biodiversity of the region; It has a variety of ecosystems that extends in an area with a high index of endemic species. It has five protective forests: La Perla, Delta, La Indiana, Río Leila and Tianti. In these places the tourist can observe various species of birds or practice extreme sports such as rafting on the Toachi River. Other tourist attractions include: San Francisco Ecological Park, Mount Bombolí, Shishink and Napac waterfalls.

The city is the political center of the province, and one of the main in the country, it is home to large cultural, financial, administrative and commercial organizations. It is divided into urban parishes: Abraham Calazacón Parish, Bombolí Parish, Chiguilpe Parish, Río Toachi Parish, Río Verde Parish - Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo Parish, Zaracay Parish , 7 rural parishes: Alluriquín, Luz de América, Puerto Limón, San Jacinto del Búa, Valle Hermoso, Santa María del Toachi and El Esfuerzo ; 7 pre-parishes: Las Delicias, Nuevo Israel, Las Mercedes, El Placer del Toachi, San Gabriel del Baba and Julio Moreno Espinosa and 7 Tsáchilas Communes: Colorados del Búa, Cóngoma, Poste, Chigüilpe, Otongo Mapalí, Peripa and Naranjo.

Tsáchilas Province is divided into 2 districts and 13 circuits. The first district is located in the Santa Martha cooperative with 7 circuits that will house 25 Community Police Units (UPC). The second district is headquartered in the Provincial Command with 6 circuits and 23 UPCs, thus it aims to improve social problems by decentralizing decisions and approaching the reality of each cooperative (Ecuador, 2013)

Currently it is a province with great economic projections, the result of the much acclaimed provincialization, which aroused new interests on investment and economic development in: Natural Resources: Agriculture, livestock, mining, Industry: Textiles, rubber, leather goods, jewelry, Commerce: Food, beverages, ceramics, furniture, vehicles, tourism, ecotourism.

The city and its surroundings have several higher education centers: Escuela Superior Politécnica del Ejército (ESPE), Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes UNIANDES, Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial (UTE), Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Universidad Luis Vargas Torres.

DISTRIBUTION BY GENDER: of the Province of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas
Distribution by gender:	Women	mens		Verification source
Population	184,955	183,058		INEC. CENSUS 2010
%	49.7	50.3		INEC. CENSUS 2010
DISTRIBUTION BY GENDER OF AGE GROUPS:
Five-year group	Man	Women	Total		%	Verification source
0 to 4	20,409	19,998	40,407		33.8	INEC. CENSUS 2010
5 to 9	21,583	20,830	42,413
10 to 14	20,868	20,571	41,439
15 to 19	18,773	19,309	38,082		61.2
20 to 24	16,395	17,436	33,831
25 to 29	14,976	16,345	31,321
30 to 34	12,917	13,781	26,698
35 to 39	11,272	11,806	23,078
40 to 44	9,796	10,291	20,087
45 to 49	9,002	8,877	17,879
50 to 54	7,036	7,040	14,076
55 to 59	5,901	5,566	11,467
60 to 64	4,595	4,160	8,755
65 to 69	3,547	3,291	6,838	5.0
70 to 74	2,601	2,470	5,071
75 to 79	1,565	1,475	3,040
80 to 84	1,048	958	2,006
85 to 89	500	462	962
90 to 94	193	203	396
95 to 99	81	88	169

The educational characteristics of the population of the Province of Santo Domingo in 2010 have illiteracy of 6.3%, but the coverage of public and private education is 73%

EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION
Illiteracy	Canton%	Man %	Woman %	Verification source
6.3	6.0	6.6	INEC. CENSUS 2010
Coverage of the public and private education system	Cantonal%	Urban area %	Rural area %	Verification source
73.0	69.7	83.6	INEC. CENSUS 2010
Use of technologies	Man %	Woman %	Total %	Verification source
24.7	29.5	27.1	INEC. CENSUS 2010
SELF-IDENTIFICATION OF THE POPULATION:			Verification source
Indigenous population	6,318			INEC. CENSUS 2010

The citizens of the province present income and contributions in three branches: manufacturing, commerce, service, unfortunately in research and technology, no income is recorded.

ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PROVINCE INCOME PER INDIVIDUAL PER FAMILY:
Economic Profile	Establishment number	Sales revenue	Number of employees	Verification source
14,738	2,067	47,108	INEC. CENSUS 2010
Income per activity (millions of dollars)	Manufacturing	Commerce	Services	Verification source
201	1,424	414	INEC. CENSUS 2010
HOUSING IN SANTO DOMINGO
living place	Urban area	Rural area	Provincial total	Verification source
Total homes	83,354	30,844	114,198	INEC. CENSUS 2010
Private homes	83,314	30,833	114,147
Occupied dwellings	73,713	26,522	100,235
Vacant homes	6,743	3,514	10,257
Homes under construction	2,858	797	3,655
Collective housing	40	eleven	51
Type of private home by area	Urban area %	Rural area %	Verification source
House / villa	69.6	30.4	INEC. CENSUS 2010
Apartment in house or building	94.9	5.1
Rooms in tenancy house	93.2	6.8
Midwater		77.6	22.4
Ranch		26.1	73.9
Covacha		62.9	37.1
Hut		29.4	70.6
Another private home		83.4	16.6
Predominant materials of roof, exterior walls and floor of the house in Ecuador	Urban area %	Rural area %	Provincial total%	Verification source
Ceiling	Zinc	54.4	81.2	61.3	INEC. CENSUS 2010
Exterior walls	Brick or block	82.8	61.4	77.3
Floor	Brick or cement	57.6	49.8	55.6

The coverage of basic services to the province presents problems in water, it is not drinkable and does not reach the entire population, the sewerage is insufficient and inappropriate due to continuous growth, it is the main cause of contamination of the rivers, garbage collection is feasible The problem is not having a waste treatment plant, organic, inorganic, garbage dumps are improvised in the open air, the lack of treatment of hospital waste increases the risk.

Coverage of basic housing services
Water %	Light%	Sewerage %	Garbage collection %	Telephone service %	Verification source%
Mains water public	Another source	With public service	No service and others	Public network	Another way	By car I collect r	Another way	With service telephone	No service
48.9	51.1	95.5	4.5	60.8	39.2	81.4	18.6	30.4	69.6	INEC. CENSUS 2010

The average number of people per household is 3.9 people compared to a minimum living wage of $ 340 per month. We also observe that there are 17% households that exceed 6 people.

GENERAL INFORMATION OF THE HOUSEHOLDS IN SANTO DOMINGO
HOME	Urban area	Rural area	Provincial total	Verification source%
70,906	24,315	95,221	INEC. CENSUS 2010
Average number of people per household	3.9		INEC. CENSUS 2010
Number of households within dwellings	1.01		INEC. CENSUS 2010
HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION
Total people in the household	Quantity		%	Verification source
one	10,623		11.2	INEC. CENSUS 2010
two	14,058		14.8
3	19,697		20.7
4	19,818		20.8
5	14,214		14.9
6 and more	16,811		17.7

The population in the rural sector engaged in agricultural, livestock, tourism activities exceeds 62,381 citizens, who limit themselves to selling the product in raw material to countries like Colombia, because the country does not open new international chains where the products are also sold. there is no industry to export finished products.

PARISH OF THE PROVINCE	INEC 2010 INHABITANTS
Alluriquin	9,725
Puerto Limón	9,344
Beautiful valley	9,335
San Jacinto	11,718
The effort	5,763
Santa Maria del Toachi	5,615
Light of america	10,881
TOTAL PARISHES	62,381

Ecuador has not yet managed to implement a national plan to develop capacities and potential in research and technological development, which from the perspective of Science and Technology policies, are essential to fine-tune the knowledge economy. These capacities are related to the indispensable number of researchers located in centers, laboratories, teams and projects in at least the following areas or sectors: genetic resources and biodiversity; biotechnology applied to human and animal health; agricultural biotechnology; bio-remediation; nanotechnology; new materials, biomaterials and biopolymers; computer science and software development; new sources of energy; conflict, democracy and social technologies.

All of which must be sufficiently supported by public policies that allow the country to have training, retention, repatriation and promotion programs for national human talents (Rodríguez, 2012)

Consequently, there is evidence of the need to strengthen fundamental assets for the development of the country, its productivity and competitiveness such as innovation (measured by the number of patents, the presence and quality of Technological Development Centers and the technological level of the companies), and human capital (propose and achieve goals by 2014 of at least two thousand active and accredited researchers).

To achieve this, a strict fiscal discipline is essential both in the national government and in local governments and in higher education institutions in relation to investment in the science and technology sector.

In this sense, it is convenient to ask what national policies have been implemented? What laws encourage the training of researchers or innovative companies? What are the guidelines for the redesign of institutions, especially those that must specialize in the creation of knowledge? In all this, what is the real role assigned to public universities?

The problem raised guides the formulation of the following problem

Scientific problem

How to contribute to improve the political, scientific, technological, social, economic development of the Province of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas and the areas of influence?

Research objectives, purposes or questions.

Objective: Design a model of Technological Transfer in the political, scientific, technological, social and economic aspects of the Province of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas and the areas of influence.

Justification

Technology transfer has encompassed development in the nations of the Asian and European continent, it is easier to transfer technology to our continent, the United States is a great provider of technologies.

The process of technology transfer in SMEs is inherent to the dynamization of the innovation systems of governments, the weak allocation of resources (human, economic and technological) does not improve the country's economy.

The economic evolution of companies is linked to a process of technological change in their production devices, in which the methods and systems of production, commercialization of goods and services are replaced by more efficient ones, satisfying the demands of the client, improving participation and inter-institutional collaboration in value chains

The technology transfer process can be adjusted to three simple steps Identify, select and validate the new technology that improves the production processes currently used by companies in the province.

The economic growth experienced by some countries, such as Finland, Canada or the United States, has been due to the generation of comprehensive public innovation policies where the transfer of knowledge and technologies developed within universities to the productive sector of the economy or technology centers, it happens efficiently. Work should be done on the development of a system corresponding to its local reality, which allows technological and research efforts, to be directed and to establish a culture of innovation in the sectors that make up the so-called “Triple helix” (State, Company, University) (Noriega, 2006).

Ecuador and technological development

Scientific production in indexed journals Network of Scientific Journals of Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal of the Scientific Information System of the Autonomous University of the State of Mexico is presented from Ecuador to Icons. Journal of Social Sciences ISSN printed: 1390-1249, of politics.

Ecuador and its technological development. Illustration from: http://www.redalyc.org/home.oa, March 13, 2014.

According to the Network of Science and Technology Indicators -Ibero-American and Inter-American- (RICYT), in which all the countries of America participate, together with Spain and Portugal, it was born from a proposal that emerged from the First Ibero-American Workshop on Science and Technology Indicators. Technology, held in Argentina in 1994. RICYT was adopted by the Ibero-American Science and Technology for Development Program (CYTED) as an Ibero-American network and by the Organization of American States (OAS) as an inter-American network. Its start-up became effective at the end of April 1995. Currently the RICYT has as its main support the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), through the Ibero-American Observatory of Science, Technology and Society, of the Centro de Altos University Studies (OEI-CAEU).It also has the support of the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID) (RICYT, 2011).