The administration has been conceived as science, technique, and art according to the field and moment in which it is seen, in addition many concepts have been attributed throughout history, however, it is a reality that this will not cease to be dynamic, since even today it continues to adapt to constant changes within organizations.
From primitive times, administration was used to satisfy basic needs, and with the development of the human race it was modified to make processes efficient, it is important to mention that all entities, however simple they seem, need this discipline, from a own subject to a large company.
As the administrative sciences were modified, administrative theory jointly adapted to the present needs of society, traveling from primary theories to contemporary theories, where human capital is seen as a priority.
Administration Concept
The concept of administration has been modified over time, contemporary authors who have ventured into the challenge of defining it have taken up previous concepts and verified current scenarios, with which they manage to add or modify the essence of the previously proposed concepts, among The most relevant changes that can be observed are complementing the definition with terms such as effectiveness, efficiency, group work and the inclusion of different streams of the administrative process, leaving behind the classic used, which included 4 fundamental steps: planning, organizing, directing and control. Under this premise, it is important to mention that administration can be conceived in different ways, as a process, practice, science, technique and even as art, again according to the author of the definition.
Next, two management concepts are proposed, which go beyond the classical approach, firstly, Ballina (2000) states:
Nowadays it has been conceptualized as the process through which human, material and financial resources are directed to achieve certain objectives, but, especially, to keep the client pleased, which is what allows them to continue living and developing. the company.
On the other hand, Brown, Warren and Moberg (1996) propose that:
The administration consists of directing the material and human resources towards the common objectives of the organization. This process has traditionally been divided into various far-reaching activities. The most technical and analytical aspect of administration encompasses setting an objective for the organization, planning internal activities to achieve the objectives, and controlling those activities so that the final results are the same.
Management evolution
The use of administration has been present during the development of humanity, although the term was not recognized as such, the primitive tasks that were carried out were based on this, for example, hunting, the division of food, the caring for fire and other essential activities to preserve their lives, since the beginning of humanity the need to coordinate these activities, make decisions and execute them was noted, thus carrying out the first administrative phenomena. Later, when sedentary lifestyle led to the creation of cultures, the administration could be seen more clearly reflected in these, highlighting lines of hierarchy, responsibility and authority, as well as the establishment of roles and the establishment of procedures.
Early times
The first hominids faced basic needs such as eating and dressing, these led to the realization of activities to satisfy them, among them hunting, fishing and gathering prevailed, the individuals that made up tribes were still nomads, and among the group there was a chief, which had the responsibility of dividing the work according to the sex and age of the individuals in the group.
Agricultural period
In this period the main activity was agriculture, leaving in second place the activities carried out in primitive times, the practice of agriculture led to the settlement of the tribes, making them sedentary, these later to the domestication of plants and the development of systems agricultural workers began to use administrative rules with greater formality, having as a basic principle to achieve the best results with minimal effort, among the group the patriarchal social organization was accentuated, continuing the division of labor according to sex and age, however As the tribes became sedentary, the number of members of these increased, demanding a better form of coordination to achieve the group's objectives.
Ancient time
This time includes various empires, which created the administrative foundations that are currently in place, then the contributions of an administrative nature are listed.
Sumer
In this empire, writing was born, which was the basis of the development of commerce, achieving for the first time the registration of commercial transactions on clay tablets. Large organizations also appear, two clear examples of this are, the temples that were used to worship Gods, and the palaces that were only inhabited by kings and that were called administrative centers.
The production of handicraft objects begins, with which hierarchies are generated between the different classes of workers, thus arising the labor stratification and generating, in addition, the first pay system.
Egypt
The pyramids of this empire are the tangible representation of the planning, organization and control capacity that their leaders had, managing to coordinate teams of thousands of workers for the construction of monuments, this town was a pioneer in the recognition of the efficiency of the personnel, specialization and training. Its economy was planned and its administrative system was quite broad, obtaining to establish a clear social pyramid in terms of authority and hierarchy.
Babylon
Town of urban character, although its economy was based more on agriculture than on industry, this empire constituted a political structure, where the king was the absolute monarch who exercised the 3 powers that we currently know, legislative, executive and judicial. Below the king, were other levels of authority such as governors, select administrators, mayors, councils of elders and judges, who together were in charge of the imperial administration.
It specifies literary works of great impact, such as the Hammurabi code, which, together with some other documents and letters, provided the guidelines for the social structure and economic organization of this town.
Hebrews
A representative of the Hebrew administration was Moisés, a leader and administrator with skills in government, legislation and human relations, he ventured into the work of selection, training and orientation of personnel, as well as delegation of authority.
Their government was monarchical, they had an intensified trade, having a privileged location, they started trading fleets over the sea, their family nucleus was patriarchal.
China
This empire had great representatives of the administration, to name a few stand out Chow, the great philosopher Confusio and Mencius, these laid the foundations for a good Chinese government with a modern vision of the problems of public administration. The Chinese people excelled in the specialization of occupations, making them also hereditary.
Greece
Development of a democratic government, since they took into consideration all its people, submitting decisions to a vote, this empire was divided by cities or states, which united when they had to face an external war. In Greece the scientific method originated, with great philosophers, such as Socrates, Pericles, Plato and Aristotle, who gave great contributions such as separating technical knowledge from experience, differentiating the natural aptitudes of men and originating specialization.
Rome
It marks the foundations for modern administration, gives a first classification to companies in 3: public, semi-public and private, this empire is characterized by its order and its way of organizing its people, its organization was centralized, and it makes a great contribution By constituting Roman law, where they set the standards of behavior for their people, covering all the necessary areas to regulate, mainly civil, criminal and commercial, their legal contributions have prevailed until today.
Middle Ages
At this time there are three relevant figures in the evolution of the administration, feudalism as the first figure was a contractual system of political and military relations that obviously allows an improvement in the socio-political organization of the peoples; as a second figure can be found the Catholic Church, which is interested in administrative and accounting studies; Finally, the military organization necessary for large battles also makes its contribution to the development of the administration, since it requires a greater range of troops at war, for which they apply more efficiently the stages of organization, planning and administrative control, providing the principle of direction of each soldier to be able to act individually and jointly.
Modern age
Great advances in administration were observed during this time, there were relevant moments such as the discovery of America, the French Revolution, the Protestant Reformation and the Industrial Revolution, during which the development of some administrative principles was emphasized, such as They are selection of personnel, verifying the suitability of the subject for the position and training, the specialization of functions, the formation of more complex work structures, and the use of terms such as efficiency and effectiveness, performance and productivity within organizations.
Contemporary age
This era is distinguished as politics by the consolidation of republican and democratic government, and as industry, by the replacement of human force by mechanical force, including a capitalist production system.
It is said that during this a second industrial revolution took place, called the steel and electricity revolution, where the great gurus of contemporary administration established the tools, techniques, administrative principles, theories and administrative functions, which leads to its consolidation as a science, noting the importance of these activities in all organizations, from the family environment to large existing corporations. (Palma, 2015)
Administrative theory
The study of administration tends to establish reference points throughout history for its analysis, it is thus possible to recognize various administrative theories that are clearly paired with the requirements of the moment in which one lives.
Classical theory
His representative was Henry Farol, his characteristics are to conceive of man as a homo economicus who only receives remuneration for his work, to seek maximum efficiency in organizational processes, and describes the organization as a formal structure as a set of organs, positions and tasks.
Scientific theory
Frederick Taylor was its greatest exponent, he provides the basic principles of administration such as planning, preparation, control and execution, his method focuses on departmentalization, and on replacing empirical methods with scientific ones, seeking to increase business efficiency through increased production.
Humanistic theory
Elton Mayo is its representative, his approach is based on human relationships, he modifies the concept of man to social and not just economic, he studies organizations from the perspective of groups of people, worker autonomy, rewards and sanctions, seeking as a result optimal efficiency.
Theory of behavior
Its representative is Abraham Maslow, who developed this theory from a behavioral perspective, focuses his studies on organizational psychology and the concept of organization revolves around interpersonal relationships, proposes a pyramid of needs and on this incentives the worker to seek satisfaction.
X / Y theory
Douglas Mac Gregor was its pioneer, he approaches the organization through innovation and creativity, his concept of organization is positive (Y) and negative (X), where theory Y develops an open and democratic management style, while theory X leaves out the autonomy and self-control of the workers, adhering only to what the organization commands them to do.
Neoclassical theory
Prepared by Peter Drucker, it proposes that the individual objectives of the workers are integral to the organizational objectives, in addition it assigns high hierarchy to the concepts of authority and responsibility.
Structuralist theory
Designed by James Burnham, it has important contributions such as providing incentives for workers materially and socially, balancing organizational objectives with individual ones, and structuring hierarchical levels: technical, managerial and institutional.
Bureaucratic theory
Outlined by Max Weber, it has important contributions such as the contribution of a closed system approach, emphasis on planning and control, and establishment of types of societies and authorities.
Systems theory
Prepared by Ludwing von Bertalanffy, with an integrative vision, it conceptualizes the organization, not limited to the division of tasks and coordination between departments, but rather defines it as a global or total entity.
Mathematical theory
Its representatives are Herbert Simon, Von Neumann and Mongesntem, their contributions are game theories: strategy and conflict analysis, graphs: planning and programming techniques through networks or queues: take care of waiting time, number of customers and time of service provision.
Contingency theory
Prepared by William Dill, William Starbuck, James Thompson, Paul Lawrence, Jay Lorsch and Tom Burns, it considers a functional relationship between the environment and managerial techniques, underlines the importance of adaptation to various contingencies and suggests that the functioning of an organization depends its integration with the environment, technology, structure and behavior. (Humans, 2017)
conclusion
The evolution of humanity and the administrative sciences developed hand in hand, since with each need that arose, man developed a process to satisfy it, as has been mentioned, administrative processes are present in all entities, from a subject, a family or a large corporation, of course, that the processes to be developed within these will vary according to the requirements of each one.
Administrative theory, as expected, also adapted to the different contexts of humanity, integrating the needs present in each of these, making man go from being recognized only as an economic entity to a social entity, and including in The theory various aspects such as the environment and technology, without a doubt, as time goes by and the interest groups of the organizations change, the administrative processes will continue to improve.
Bibliography
Humans, LR (11 of 09 of 2017). Main administrative theories. Obtained from
Main administrative theories:
Palma, D. (06 of 07 of 2015). History and evolution of the administration. Obtained from History and evolution of the administration:
Valdivieso, ST (05 of 12 of 2016). A contemporary vision of the concept of administration. Obtained from A contemporary vision of the concept of administration:
