Network operating systems, in addition to incorporating tools specific to an operating system such as file and directory management tools, include others for the use, management and maintenance of the network, as well as tools for e-mail, sending of messages, copy of files between nodes, execution of applications contained in other machines, sharing of hardware resources, etc. There are many operating systems capable of managing a network depending on the architectures of the machines that are used. The most common are:
- NovellLantasticWindows 3.11 for WorkgroupsUnixLinuxWindows 95Windows NTOS / 2
Each operating system offers a different way of managing the network and uses different protocols for communication.
Without software a computer is essentially a useless lump of metal. With software, a computer can store, process and retrieve information, find spelling errors, and intervene in many other valuable activities to earn a living. Computer software can be broadly classified into 2 classes: system programs, which control the operation of the computer itself, and application programs, which solve problems for its users.
The fundamental program of all system programs is the Operating System, which controls all the resources of the computer and provides the basis on which application programs can be written.
Topology of a network
The topology of a network defines only the distribution of the cable that interconnects the different computers, that is, it is the distribution map of the cable that forms the intranet.
Defines how the workstation cable is organized. When installing a network, it is important to select the best topology for existing needs. There are a number of factors to take into account when deciding on a specific network topology and they are:
- The distribution of equipment to be interconnected The type of applications to be executed The investment to be made The cost to be devoted to maintaining and updating the local network The traffic that the local network will support. Expansion capacity. An intranet should be designed with scalability in mind.
IP protocol
It is a network-level protocol whose main characteristics are:
- It offers a non-connection-oriented service; this means that each frame in which a packet has been divided is treated independently. The frames that make up a packet can be sent by different paths and even arrive out of order. It offers a not very reliable service because sometimes the packets are lost, duplicated or damaged and this level does not report it because it is not aware of the problem.
Network classes
The type depends on the number of machines that make up the network; Taking this into account, three classes of networks can be distinguished:
Class A networks: The main characteristics are:
- These are larger networks, networks with more than 216 hosts. The space reserved for the network address is smaller for two reasons: Because there are fewer networks of this type.
The part that identifies the network consists of:
- a zero (0) 7 bits more.
Therefore, 27 networks can be addressed, making a total of 128 different networks. Each of these networks may have 224 possible hosts. Address 127 is not used.
1 …………………………………….7 8 ……………………………… 32
Class B networks: These are medium-sized networks that have between 28 and 216 hosts. The part that identifies the network consists of:
- The sequence one-zero (10).14 bits with any value.
Therefore, the range of values for the first byte of the two assigned to the network is: 128-191.
These networks can have 216 = 65536 hosts each. The format of the addresses is:
one……………………………………………. 17 …………..
……..16 ………………………………..32
Class C networks: These are smaller networks that can have up to 28 hosts. The part that identifies the network consists of
- The sequence one-one-zero (110).21 bits with any value.
Therefore, the range of values for the first byte of the two assigned to the network is: 192-223.
These networks can have 28 = 256 hosts each. The format of the addresses is:
0 …………………………………………….. 24 ………………………..31
…………….2. 3
Special address conventions
There are some addresses (combinations of ones and zeros) that are not assigned with IP addresses, without having a special meaning. These combinations are:
This address is called directed broadcast and allows all machines within the specified network to be addressed. It is a very useful addressing, since with a single packet we can send the same message to all the machines on a network.
This address is called loopback and is used for testing and communication between processes within the same machine. If a program sends a message to this address, TCP / IP will return the data to it without sending anything to the network, although it behaves as if it had.
This address allows addressing to an internal host on the network.
This address is called limited broadcast; makes an address to all hosts on the network itself.
This address addresses the host itself.
An Internet address does not identify a host, but rather a network connection. An example: if you have a Gateway that connects one network to another, what Internet address is given to this station? It has two possible addresses, one for each network to which it is connected. In reality, each station is assigned as many IP addresses as there are network connections the station has. (Courts, 2011)
conclusion
In conclusion, network systems are essential in the development of an organization, every day technology advances and it is necessary for them to always be updated and at the forefront of their skills.
Operating systems also called Software are the most important thing in a computer, as we already know is what constitutes the programming of a computer and they can create databases, files, documents, etc. that will help us to collect important information for the organization.
In a network system it can be single user and multi user type; in a single user it is what determines an operating system that can be used by a single user for a certain time, and the multi-user is the one that is suitable to be used by several users.
Defining what is a computer network; This is made up of a set of intercommunicating computers that use different hardware / software technologies.
Networks have a series of characteristics such as:
- Wide coverage Versatility Specialization by region and by industrial sector Optimal use of existing infrastructure Interaction under a franchise scheme.
There are different systems for the collection of information already described before in this writing to be able to create a database so that it can be used to facilitate the tasks of operators in an organization.
