Perhaps in no other economic activity does statistics play such an important role as in transport. It is presented globally as raw material for the preparation of various studies or as statistical units themselves.
These units are generally related to two elements: VOLUME and DISTANCE, which makes it possible to establish comparable magnitudes between the various transport systems that compete in a region in a given period.
Statistical units can be divided as follows:
U nities statistics
1. Quantitative Weight: tons, passengers
Available equipment: trucks, wagons
Capacity: ton./cart, passenger / Car
Available capacity: Tons -
Tarra capacity of vehicles.
I. On duty
2. Qualitative Speed
Punctuality
Frequency
Direction
Security
II. Traffic 1. Tons-Km ……………………. to. Total
2. Thick Ton. Km. B. By products
3. Passengers - Km.
4. Cars- Km ……………………….
5. Trains- Km ………………………… a.
Locomotives loaded 6. Km ………………. b. Empty
7. Trucks- Km …………………….
8. Traffic density / km of track.
9. Average route
1. Costs Per ton - Km.
By Gross Ton- Km.
Per passenger- Km.
By car- Km.
By Train- Km.
By Locomotive- Km.
By truck- Km., Etc.
2. Income Per Ton- Km.
By Gross Ton- Km.
Per Passenger-Km.
By Car - Km.
By Train - Km.
By Locomotive- Km.
By Truck- Km., Etc.
III. Economical
3. Results Per Ton- Km.
By Gross- Km.
By Passengers-Km.
By Car- Km.
By Train- Km.
By Locomotive-Km.
By Truck- Km., Etc.
4. Coefficients
Operation
of exploitation
Miscellaneous.
The units mentioned above correspond to those most frequently used in land transport and their meaning is as follows:
I. Statistical service units
These group two types of information. Firstly, the one that represents QUANTITY, such as the tons or passengers transported, the unit capacity of the vehicles, the useful cargo or passenger capacity, the equipment available in terms of units, their tare or weight, etc. Secondly, those that indicate a QUALITY of the service, such as the average speed of movement, the number of frequencies, etc.
These units are used for subsequent calculations to determine the statistical units of traffic and the economic units.
II. U statistics nities traffic.
Traffic, as already indicated, is linked to two elements: VOLUME AND DISTANCE. Any of these elements expressed in isolation does not allow any appreciation of the main statistical units of traffic:
1. Ton - KM.
This unit is the most frequently used and is equivalent to the displacement of one ton over a distance of 1 kilometer. To calculate the traffic generated in terms of tonnes-km, the tonnes transported by the distance traveled is multiplied for each trip. Let's see through an example how this unit allows a comparison term of the magnitude of a given transport.
TRUCK 1 generated 100 Tons - Km., transporting 10 tons 10 kilometers away. TRUCK 2, transporting 5 tons 20 kilometers, also generated 100 Tons-Km. That is, as a unit of measurement, both vehicles mobilized the equivalent of 100 tons in 1 kilometer, which in this example makes the magnitude and importance of transport be the same. TRUCK 3 transporting 8 tons to 15 kilometers generated 120 tons-Kilometer. Comparing each vehicle, it is found that the magnitude of the traffic generated by TRUCKS 1 and 2 is the same and that generated by TRUCK 3 is 20% higher.
If we were told that TRUCK 1 transported 10 tons, TRUCK 2.5 tons, and TRUCK 3, 8 tons, no terms of comparison could be established in terms of the magnitude and importance of transportation.
The equality of traffic and term of Tons-Km. Allows the following deductions:
That is, if in an estimate we know the average route of the load and its volume, we can deduce the total traffic. If we know the traffic and the average route we can deduce the volume.
2. Gross tons - KM.
THICK TON-KM is understood as the unit of measurement that groups together the commercial traffic of a vehicle plus the traffic generated by its own tare or weight.
For example a vehicle a vehicle that weighs 7 Tons. And it transports 25 Tons. At a distance of 100 kilometers, it generates the following Gross-Tons-Km.
TTTT
The previous unit is used particularly in rail transport in the preparation of cost studies and road maintenance programs, and in road transport in conservation and maintenance plans. In both cases, this unit makes it possible to evaluate the use of the road (impact of the road.)
3. Passengers - KM.
In a similar way to tons –Km., this unit indicates the number of passengers per unit of distance. Let's see the following displacements below.
Following the methodology indicated in the case of tons-Km, the average distance per passenger and the corresponding deductions are reached.
4. Cars - KM, Trains - KM, Locomotives - KM, Trucks - KM, Trailers - KM, Etc.
The previous units are related to the number of cars, trains, locomotives, trucks, trailers, etc. Included in the unit of distance, in this case 1 Kilometer. Its calculation is similar to that of the Tons-Km, being able to deduce from each equality the average distance of the vehicles. The following example illustrates their determination.
These units are usually presented in loaded or empty, passenger, cargo or mixed vehicles and are particularly useful in determining the costs of those combined transports (cargo and passengers) in the apportionment of the expenses corresponding to each traffic.
5. Traffic density
Traffic density measures the intensity of movement per Kilometers of track, expressed in terms of ton-km. In other words, the density is the quotient resulting from dividing the Tons-Km. originated between two points of the
same road by its length. For example, on a 100 km long road in which the traffic in a given period reached 50,000 Tons-Km. the density will be as follows:
50,000 Tons-Km. / 100 = Tons- Km./Km. Via.
6. Average route
This coefficient indicates the average displacement of cargo or passengers in a given period, in an operation that includes various service points of view. As a factor for traffic estimates it is very useful.
For example, if the results of the operation indicate: 50,000 Tons-Km. and 500 Tons, transported, the average route of this load was:
50,000 Tons. Km / 500 Tons. = 100 Kms.
III. U economic statistics nities
These units are directly related to the final results of the operation of a vehicle or a transport system, that is: its COSTS, INCOME, LOSSES or PROFITS. In other words, they are the same ones that measure the traffic of monetary values that exploitation originates. They are obtained by dividing the respective COSTS, INCOME, LOSSES or PROFITS by the total of Tons-Km., Cars- Km., Etc. In each particular case, without forgetting that both the results and the traffic must correspond exactly to the same period.
i. C oefficient of operation .
The operation itself includes all those income expenses caused by the movement of the vehicles. The operating coefficient consists of the relationship between operating expenses and income. When the coefficient is equal to unity, there is an equilibrium. If this is less, there is a margin of return. If it is greater there is a loss. For example:
Operating Expenses $ 150 = Coefficient 1. 5
Operating Income $ 150
This means that for each monetary unit ($ 1 US $ 1) of income, 1.5 of expenses were obtained, that is, a loss of 0.5 per unit.
2. C oefficient of exploitation .
The operation groups all the expenses and income generated by the transport activity, that is, the operating costs, operating income, fixed administration costs, non-operating income, etc.
The coefficient is obtained in a similar way to that of the operation, dividing the total of OPERATING EXPENSES by the total of OPERATING INCOME and its interpretation is the same.
3. C oefficient of utilization.
In the case of freight transport, this coefficient indicates in percentage terms the average use of the equipment in a given period.
This use is given by the ton-km. capacity offered and tons-Km. of transporter cargo. An example clarifies this point.
A vehicle of 30 Tons, capacity performs the following services:
Travel 1 20 Tons. 150 Kms.
Travel 2 25 Tons. to 200 Kms.
Travel 3 10 Tons. to 120 Kms.
The traffic generated is as follows:
In other words, on average the utilization of the capacity offered by the vehicle was 65%.
The units and coefficients explained above are the most frequently used. However, during the seminar this booklet will be supplemented with new elements.
Exercise
1. A vehicle of 30 tons capacity and 10 tons of tare performs the following operation:
Tons. Transported Distance- Kms.
Trip 1 20 200
Trip 2 15 300
Trip 3 18 280
Trip 4 25 150
Trip 5 10 120
Calculate:
to. Tons - Km.
B. Gross Tons - Km.
C. Utilization coefficient
d. Average load path.
