By nature in essence, man is a free being who will only live in society through an agreement that according to Rousseau is the "social contract" established with society. Being a weak entity but with needs, it is willing to attack anyone who prevents it from achieving its goals, which is why Hobbes defines "man as man's wolf."
He will always be ready for war and will accept fighting by nature, however he will accept peace and agree to submit to the norms of society if he finds that in a group he solves his needs more easily. His negotiating capacity has made him by nature a political animal "zoon politikon" (Aristotle).
The evidences of history are a reflection of such affirmations since in its origin the war is its daily activity and its coexistence in society constitutes the fundamental reason for its survival.
However, society imposes forms of subordination accepted by the parties who exercise it, where for example slavery is characterized by the establishment of controls in the achievement of objectives where there are men who watch over slaves in the fulfillment of obligations as a characteristic of society. in its static moral form (Bergson). Own in the organization of some animals and humans in their first social forms.
Man, being the possessor of conscience, natural law and the Decalogue, is free to decide and even reveal himself to the obligation, because before joining society and obligations he wants to know why he should limit his freedom or deprive himself of it.
As a more evolved form in modern companies, foremen appear with the function of monitoring workers in the fulfillment of goals, in accordance with the provisions of Taylor's principles (Braverman H. 1981) or the theories X and Y of McGregor (1957).
Obviously the work of the workers in this stage is far from constituting a conscious act in which the commitment and conviction of accepting and fulfilling on their own initiative the obligations in the face of a total dehumanization of production processes is assumed. The concern of humanists in the function of the worker within organizations leads them to evaluate according to the experiences of Owen R., Elton Mayo, Maslow, Munsternberg, Herzber and Likert (Davis and Newstrom, 1988) the importance of understanding the human nature as a means to achieve the objectives of the company with the collaboration of the worker.
In this way, the workers cease to be one more piece of the company (Marx K. 1975) in the fulfillment of the tasks to become, before the theorists, living beings worthy of being taken into account in the decisions of the company. From this stage, the study of the needs of consumers begins, and in order to remain satisfied, they must join the companies as the only option to serve them; the motivation fostered by the need will drive consumers to develop tasks at the service of organizations that offer them purchasing power; The corporate culture as a principle will guarantee habits that commit the worker to the daily routines of the organization, not based on tasks but on the objectives to be met;Habit-forming moral values that guarantee the worker's commitment to the institution in the achievement of objectives such as the accumulation of capital for the generation of more jobs, quality in products and processes, maintenance and service of the facilities and attention and dedication in the customer service.
By doubting the worker's conviction in the timely, efficient, effective and quality fulfillment of the task, progress has been made in the refinement of rational controls that generate results that will monitor business performance, by responsibility centers, transfer prices, accounting management and analytical costs (Amat, 1998).
The pace of work that global, national and local competition demands from companies in a process of continuous improvement can only rest on the workers through the delegation of tasks that is supported by two aspects that correspond to the worker, and they are:
The motivation that is generated in response to the satisfaction of needs and habits as a result of culture and moral values.
Attention to consumer needs can be resolved through the multiple ways that society offers, some legal and others illegal, which put the authorities in turn in trouble. The legal attention to needs depends on the habits of individuals, these on their culture and the latter on the moral values with which they were formed.
This paper represents an effort to link individual moral values with the needs of companies and the nation in the development of their functions.
Moral
Man is a social being who, as such, feels the pressure of society and the static religion that holds society together. Obligation is an undeniable fact tied to our social being and a need for social life. Society does not exclude loneliness, intimacy and individual conscience. However, the being is not gifted with intelligence just to accept obligations.
Intelligence is inherent in the man of invention at the service of society that allows him to question and doubt his obligations, his duties and in general life. The faculty of intelligence becomes the protector of social habits and instincts.
According to Bergson, man creates a "fabulous function" of myths and legends and invents imaginary protections that prevent him from destroying through intelligence, that social being that has come to be by instinct. In this way the static religion arises thanks to which the static moral of obligation in man is maintained.
Religion is a defensive reaction of nature to protect itself from the dissolving power of human intelligence and a defensive reaction of nature against the representation, by intelligence, of the inevitability of death. The ability of intelligence to transform the environment is only limited by man's fear of the nature to which he belongs with the only weapon at his disposal, which is religion.
Faced with static morality and religion are the true morals and open and dynamic religions, the result of an open and constantly changing society, in the search for a loving and mystical society. Not doubting that being is the union of soul and leather, the spiritual part is not necessarily achievable on earth, since its goal must be out of the reach of all men as a true vault key in the moral life where only the soul dares to surpass. Mysticism is the action, creation and love that develops fully with Christianity as the source of morality and religion as a living impulse of love.
Morality, a reflection of the body-soul union, translates into the set of customs that determine a person's behavior. It is the science that guides our actions and orders our behavior according to a certain moral or rule. Morality can be natural, Christian and secular according to the principles and norms on which it is based.
Natural morality is based on the sole light of reason. Christian morality guides man's actions towards a last supernatural end in accordance with the dictates of reason and with the truths and precepts revealed by God himself to man. Whereas rational morality, regardless of God and all supernatural and otherworldly ends, is based only on the willingness of the individual to fulfill his duties, considering him exempt or liberated from selfishness and other disorderly passions, as a product of original sin.
Natural morality is perfected and rises with Christian morality and is dignified through grace by being directed through light and faith, preventing being from falling into error. Secular morality deprives natural morality of natural elements of judgment, which in principle are natural gifts from God and which constrain the individual to act according to civic norms and self-control led by a good disposition.
Morality is supported by three elements: The foundation on which it rests, the end to which it leads, the obligation it imposes and the remuneration it sanctions. The foundation is in the authority on which morality rests to allow or prohibit the performance of the act.
The end is the object or goal that morality proposes to achieve. The obligation is the requirement with which morality leads the will to carry out the act and Remuneration is the prize that is awarded to the one who complies or the punishment that is applied to the one who breaks the obligation.
True morality requires unity, uniformity, and immutability. Unity insofar as, as a balanced and harmonious whole, it lends man peace and tranquility of conscience.
Uniformity in the human sphere by governing the acts of man with the same morality, without difference in criteria, because it is based on the unique truth of God. Immutability as it is not subject to any change since God being its supreme legislator, his law remains forever.
Values
Scheler manages in opposition to Kant to make duty dependent on value. If there are a priori moral values, our behavior is linked to them and depends on them and our will, our sense of duty depends on the realization or non-realization of a value.
The good is always the same, what is relative is our point of view towards the good or our way of doing the good. Values are linked to our daily behavior and to our concrete life. Schéler establishes a hierarchy between values, more elementary and more sensitive, that give us the qualities of pleasant or unpleasant. In an intermediate step are the vital values such as nobility, bravery, generosity, honor.
The highest values are religious.
The hierarchy of values makes it possible to propose scales of behavior. The most elementary would be the sensitive, the highest would be the religious. According to Scheler, she thinks that we carry out religious values at all times in daily life with high degrees of love. Positive values are acts of human behavior whose characteristics generally reflect acts of love. (Xirau R. 1980).
Moral values
Moral values arise in the individual by influence and within the family and are values such as respect, tolerance, honesty, loyalty, work, responsibility, etc. A person with high moral values will promote respect for man, cooperation and understanding, an open attitude and tolerance, as well as service for the common welfare.
The formation of individuals should be strengthened by principle in the family where moral values will be generated as the basis for the performance of individuals in society.
Human acts are determined by morality and its three regulations: conscience, natural law and the Decalogue that govern the acts of man as the only intelligent and free creature of visible and corporeal creation. Only human acts of man are those that he executes with knowledge and free will.
From moral values to institutional acts
Two conditions must be met for the human act to exist: Full knowledge or warning on the part of the understanding and free choice on the part of the will.
The decalogue will prevent the diversion from confusion, ignorance or lack of sensitivity and warning of the Natural Law and the voice of conscience. As a warning that warns the man as far as it is lawful and if he has transferred to the illicit. The commandment of love consolidates the natural law and the decalogue that together will allow greater harmony of men when working together in society preserving the conservation of their very nature.
Human acts that are carried out with knowledge and free will by the individual in society are only governed by their moral values, governed mainly by their conscience. Your performance in society will drive you to follow two paths.
The first with full integration into society and a host of rules and obligations that, if complied with, will make it worthy of all its benefits, including the preservation of life. The second option may allow you to exercise your freedom outside of society and the obligations it imposes, and as a consequence, its benefits, having to resolve all your needs on your own.
The Norms are the demands that the group imposes on the conduct of its members. Sanctions are the punishments or rewards that the group uses to induce a person to behave according to informal norms that constantly guide opinion and exercise power to subdue any conduct that tends to deviate from the norms of the group. Non-conformers can be pressured and hindered until they submit or withdraw. The rules of conduct or precepts serve to achieve the interaction of individuals as well as between them and social structures and involve a set of sanctions and rewards for those who violate or adopt them.
Before the norms, individuals can adopt an ideal and mature attitude (position) with a greater probability of integration into transactions such as: I'm fine, you're fine, or immature and conflict positions that are less effective in integrating groups as I am wrong - you are wrong; I'm okay - you're wrong I'm wrong - you're okay.
The predisposition to information from the environment generates a form of attitude of the individual when reacting positively or negatively to stimuli in response to a basically emotional internal scheme.
Corporate moral values
The moral values in companies are governed by the individuals who direct and serve them or who use it. From suppliers, consumers, shareholders, workers, administrators, treasury, community, competition authorities, distributors, wholesalers, and all those who contribute or expect any benefit from the company. The interest that we each see in the organization is simply beneficial. Marx (1975) affirmed that the company treats its workers as objects, commodities with use values and exchange values, evidently each of us who make use of it observe it with the same approach and offer commodities (labor power, money, knowledge), hoping to receive in exchange products, money, work, equivalent at least to the physical quantity that we supposedly deliver.
Shareholders expect reasonable returns to the amount of their contributions at the risk of channeling their resources to companies with better opportunities in the future and with promising returns capable of making their current investments more attractive.
Suppliers expect strong and continuous orders from the company accepted 100% and without claims and with full and timely payments.
Consumers are the most important people for our company, but they demand increasingly higher quality and lower prices, with the permanent threat of going away with the competition.
They do not care about the problems that the company has suffered to put the product within their reach in the quantity and affordable prices, and they are always looking for greater value in the product at the price they are paying. In an effort to meet customer expectations and not lose their preference, the company is willing to make legal and legal sacrifices to survive.
On the salaried workers (workers) rests the responsibility of production and thanks to their moral values the quality of the products will be guaranteed, however, they frequently manifest attitudes of exploitation on the part of the company by assuming with or without foundation that the wage received is less than the amount of work delivered to the company.
If the company requires hours of entry, the time of departure becomes a religion for the worker, and if for any reason they must work overtime, it will be done as long as the provisions of the law are respected.
The administrative staff are the personnel who enjoy better salaries and benefits, manage the company alongside the shareholders and protect their interests by guaranteeing the survival of the company.
He knows that even offering the company quality services does not guarantee his employment and that he must permanently deliver work with a value greater than the payment received, complying with a basic principle that sustains the presence of the company in the market and generates profits.
The Ministry of Finance and Public Credit, (SHCP) in charge of tax collection, manages by principle the philosophy that the taxpayer is an evader by nature, he must be monitored and anticipated his operations so that he pays the corresponding taxes. The sanctions for evaders must be exemplary so that these practices are not repeated.
The community that lives with the organization will be happy if it receives benefits from companies such as telephone services, paving, lighting, employment, drainage, possibilities of doing business, good treatment.
However, they will demand their relocation if they suffer from noise problems, discomfort in the conservation of their customs, the presence of unpleasant people, progressive environmental deterioration, danger in the conservation of their property, risk in their personal and social security.
The competition expects loyalty, good treatment, respect for its markets and the absence of aggression with better quality products and lower prices capable of affecting its points of sale and participation in demand.
The municipal, state and federal authorities expect companies to treat all entities with which they have relationships fairly, to work in harmony and to operate in accordance with the law, since the higher the profit margin, the higher the conflict, greater bargaining power of the company and greater possibilities of violation of laws formulated with ethical principles based on morality. (Serra, RA 1996)
Distributors and wholesalers expect attractive profit margins, products with extensive marketing strategies that enjoy customer preference, easy payment and a variety of products that are easy to sell.
Each of the collaborating institutions of the company expect something from it, expectations that must be considered in the mission of the firm, however, in the fulfillment of its objectives it will hardly be able to fulfill all its collaborators.
In its desire to achieve it and with the commitment that drives it, it will be involved in decisions that apparently comply with the legal framework but are outside of moral values.
The presence of values in the family creates people willing to accept norms, obligations, and motivation for work, assume responsibilities and contribute to a society in constant activity. The objective is a society that is stronger and more solid every day in the formation of a nation structure. However, there are problems in consolidating family moral values with corporate moral values.
There are values strengthened with family identity, which begin with the desire to keep the family together, preserve community customs that give identity to individuals and preserve the customs of the region and the nation with ties of love for the homeland. The line between good and evil is perfectly identified with the moral values for the family, however such differentiation is blurred when people with solid family moral values are placed in front of the companies and are forced to make decisions that in multiple cases violate the moral values learned in the family in favor of the values understood by the company that can seriously affect society, the environment, and the family, jeopardizing the future of new generations.
These decisions, authors such as Max H: Bazerman and Dolly Chugh (January 2006), qualify as decisions without blinders that occur when decision makers do not incorporate correct information to their crucial conscious awareness presenting the phenomenon of "restricted consciousness".
The Merck example that could be linked to up to 25,000 coronary heart attacks and strokes as there were indications that the painkiller Vioxx launched on the market was causing heart attacks and strokes. Despite the fact that such information was available to decision makers, corrective measures were not taken as it was a product that was easy to sell and generates profits.
Cigarette, beer, wine and liquor producing companies that offer their products with the legend "harmful to health" or "be consumed with measure", without caring about the consequences on consumers as long as they continue to consume and the companies keep their margin safe profit and market share.
Companies such as sugar mills, paper mills, chemical industry and municipal councils that discharge contaminated water into clean water rivers, ending aquatic life and turning them into black water rivers, even though they are aware of the growing scarcity of water for human consumption.
The companies producing non-biodegradable packaging and packaging that pollute rivers, cities, beaches and that offer little hope of being removed by those who cause such pollution.
Companies that sell chemical fertilizers and pesticides that deteriorate the soil, damage the ecosystem, transform the quality of grains, fruits and vegetables, and cause diseases in consumers.
The widespread practice of livestock producers in the use of hormones as growth accelerators of chickens, pigs and cattle that offer milk, meat and derivatives that are harmful to health, capable of causing diseases to consumers in the long term.
The environmental deterioration and destruction of ecosystems caused by the extraction of water for industrial uses such as Cuatro Ciénagas, Coahuila in Mexico, where companies in their eagerness to comply with stakeholders are drying up the lagoons and turning green areas into deserts and the region's terrestrial and aquatic wild flora and fauna disappearing.
The continuous ecological deterioration that PEMEX causes by polluting the sea and rivers with irreversible damage. The destruction and death of aquatic flora and fauna that occurs more frequently when dead fish appear on the beaches and that we innocently wonder why?
The construction industry that cuts down forests and disappears hills in the supply of materials for private and public work, contributing to the destruction. With pride the authorities presume the progress of works.
We should ask ourselves, where do the materials come from? We constantly wonder why the water shortage, but is only water getting scarce?
The felling of trees without the commitment in the renewal of forests causes climatic changes and environmental deterioration.
The moral values forged in the families of the people who run the companies would hardly allow them to carry out these practices, however, at the head of the organizations their values are distorted by being promoted by the interest groups that justify such practices, redefining the point of good and evil by having someone to blame for the damages created if there are repercussions, since we are all guilty.
Such practices would be limited if each individual had to participate in the decisions that cause the transformation of the environment and suffered directly from the fear of the nature to which it belongs.
The drug that we all consume and that seems to keep us lethargic unaware of the deterioration of moral values, will justify our laziness of which we are relatively guilty.
We allow such degradation to evolve, in the same way as frogs when they are introduced into a container of water exposed to the fire from where, being able to jump in time and save themselves, they will hardly do it, willing to go to the end, when the water reach the boiling point.
"In order to survive, nature demands that we give back at least what we have taken from it"
Institutional moral values
The companies have lost their way justifying their actions in meeting the objectives set by the interest groups, however, the governments have suffered a similar lethargy.
Complying with the demands of society consisting of the demand for employment and increasingly complex goods and services have empowered it to authorize all kinds of abuses against companies, violating the most basic rights and allowing them to waste the resources owned by the nation..
The exaggerated exploitation and sale of non-renewable resources such as oil, natural gas, mines at the service of other countries with little industrialization and benefit for Mexicans.
Allow the legal and illegal exploitation of renewable resources such as forests, flora and wild terrestrial and aquatic fauna to nationals and foreigners without the commitment to replace them.
Allowing the exaggerated exploitation of labor by some business groups and the exaggerated abuse of unionized workers who, shielded in the power of groups, assign salaries at their discretion or get paid without working.
Favoring foreign investment groups in advantageous situations because they pay in dollars before groups of national investors who would pay in Mexican pesos.
Budgetary neglect of groups that are committed to the nation such as micro and small farmers and industrialists, who have the capacity to generate employment and self-employment and who are forgotten because it is assumed that being from home they do not deserve to be served.
Encourage the entry of foreign financial institutions in the capital management of the Mexican people instead of allowing Mexican investors in banking.
Strengthen the presence of a committed budget with excessive bureaucracy and expenses in favor of power groups that influence the manipulation of its destiny.
Substitute goods produced in the country for imported goods arguing free market and free competition for the benefit of the consumer regardless of the disappearance of national sources of employment for micro, small and medium enterprises.
Prefer the emigration of nationals due to lack of employment rather than generating them in the country and producing the goods that are needed and that are being imported. It is a fact that capital has no country and the governments of all countries try by all means to retain them, sacrificing part of their sovereignty and some are even willing to fight to guarantee their stay or to facilitate their path.
The entrepreneurs who manage their capital seek to increase their profits and accelerate their investments in a globalized market in which statism is extremely dangerous. Those who do not grow back at the risk of disappearing, so they must constantly seek new strategies to maintain their leadership not in the nation but in the world.
People committed to the nation will be willing to fulfill the tasks and profit demanded by capital at the mercy of suffering the war in which corporations are involved, without caring about the safety of the families that make their daily operations possible and the uncertainty in the preservation of their jobs. In each nation there are families, social groups and institutions committed to the country, to society and to the rhythm of daily activities. They pay taxes, create jobs, justify the presence of institutions and infrastructure in the country, maintain tranquility and national security.
But they seem to be the forgotten ones in national plans and are generally blamed or punished if social problems become complicated. The peasants, the micro, small and medium entrepreneurs, workers, the middle class are those who carry the daily task.
Families in developed countries have deeply ingrained moral values that drive them to protect their institutions and companies, providing opportunities for global competition in protected markets and closing the door on lines where they have nothing to gain and everything to lose. They impose barriers in taxes, prices, quality, volume of imports, and generally open their doors to go out with their products, rather than to accept the interference of other countries in their markets.
The backbone made up of its workers, micro and small entrepreneurs, middle class, institutions, has subsidies or protected market niches against globalized companies. Subsidies, preferential credits, advice, tax exemptions, protected markets are intended to strengthen groups committed to the nation and marginally to the strong capitals that are established in the country with the capacity to move capital, workers, raw materials and technology of any kind. part of the world.
Conclusions
The good is always the same and what is relative is our point of view towards the good or our way of doing the good. Values are linked to our daily behavior so we will realize that many things in view of all are being done well or are being done wrong. The only ones who don't see the difference are those who do it. This is the case of political parties that put presidents, deputies and senators, governors and municipal presidents who abuse their positions and believe that the people are ignorant of what they do or that their actions are easily forgotten since they insist on repeating them in different positions..
When there are agreements to violate the laws between companies and the government, the abuse is evident, which of course, keeps aside the moral values that govern our conduct and our sense of duty.
Negotiating the nation's goods with companies at prices that are generally not representative of their value generate commitments for immediate deliveries in some cases, such as the sale of banks.In others, they pledge the nation's resources for several years, such is the case of FOBAPROA with a load that we will hardly pay.
Investments in public works not recoverable in the short term due to decisions of "restricted conscience" for the benefit of companies or politicians. Payments that represent an unbearable burden for some companies that are or were public and that are obliged to pay the pensions of retirees, who, in addition to receiving their salary in the company, collect their pension in the IMSS.
These agreements empower retirees to strike companies in the event that they do not meet their payments in a timely manner. There are laws that can favor crime, however, moral values must prevent us from committing them since they are above these.
Compromising in the present or in the future the resources of the people or the assets of the nation, consciously or unconsciously, leads decision makers to violate their moral values. When we stay outside the exercise of both public and private power, we can adopt an impartial attitude, since those involved seem to be absent and distant from the moral values that were instilled in them by the family and the society to which they belong.
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